Dear Wife Analysis

John Downe’s letter to his significant other makes an energetic, powerful tone to attempt to persuade her to leave England and go to the United States. The expression he utilizes and the manner in which he structures his sentences features the focuses he attempts to make. He utilizes a variety of expository procedures and gadgets, for example, symbolism, tone and mentality, and tenderness to do so.Throughout a large portion of the letter, Downe portrays to his better half the way of life in the United States through symbolism. The word usage he utilizes gives a consoling, inviting visual of what the United States has coming up for his significant other and family. The vast majority of the convincing goes on in the main section as he represents all the incredible open doors with leaving England and going to the United States. He gives his better half a conviction that all is good when he clarifies that individuals in the United States don't need to close or lock their entryways and can make the most of their lives doing whatever they like, from picking organic products to going to get a beverage. He gives her something to anticipate by portraying the excellence of America and sharing his experiences.In the subsequent section, Downe gets into an increasingly close to home perspective with his promise decision and sentence structure through tenderness. Short, direct sentences are utilized to express what is on his mind to his significant other. He represents his lament and regret for leaving the family during his season of hardship and clarifies that he is in a good place again because of his decision of moving to the United States and beginning an entirely different life. Downe utilizes this to disclose to his significant other that her life can be changed in the event that she comes too. He more than once utilized the word â€Å"dear† to allude to his better half and family and to make a point to actually address his wife.Downe’s tone and me ntality all through the entire letter is enticing. It is significant for him to get his family to move to the United States and partake in an entirely different coexistence. From depicting the commercial center to attempting to corrupt England, his sole design is to persuade his significant other that the United States is a superior spot for her and his family. He goes after England when he stated, that â€Å"there is no inappropriate or appalling equality† in the United States contrasted with England. He parts of the bargains feeling when he advises his significant other to give the youngsters a kiss for him.John Downe utilizes diverse explanatory techniques to attempt to convince his better half to move to the United States from England. He paints a picture of America that is inviting and warm. His tone is enticing and he utilizes feeling to shape an association with his significant other. Dear Wife Analysis John Downe’s letter to his significant other makes an excited, influential tone to attempt to persuade her to leave England and go to the United States. The lingual authority he utilizes and the manner in which he structures his sentences features the focuses he attempts to make. He utilizes a variety of logical methodologies and gadgets, for example, symbolism, tone and mentality, and poignancy to do so.Throughout the vast majority of the letter, Downe depicts to his significant other the way of life in the United States through symbolism. The word usage he utilizes gives an encouraging, inviting visual of what the United States has available for his better half and family. A large portion of the convincing goes on in the primary section as he represents all the incredible open doors with leaving England and going to the United States. He gives his better half a suspicion that all is well and good when he clarifies that individuals in the United States don't need to close or lock their entryways and can make the most of their lives doing whatever they like, from picking natural products to going to get a beverage. He gives her something to anticipate by portraying the magnificence of America and sharing his experiences.In the subsequent section, Downe gets into an increasingly close to home viewpoint with his promise decision and sentence structure through sentiment. Short, direct sentences are utilized to express what is on his mind to his significant other. He embodies his lament and regret for leaving the family during his season of hardship and clarifies that he is in a good place again because of his decision of moving to the United States and beginning a totally different life. Downe utilizes this to disclose to his significant other that her life can be changed on the off chance that she comes moreover. He over and again utilized the word â€Å"dear† to allude to his better half and family and to make a point to actually address his wife.D owne’s tone and disposition all through the entire letter is enticing. It is significant for him to get his family to move to the United States and partake in an entirely different coexistence. From depicting the commercial center to attempting to debase England, his sole intention is to persuade his significant other that the United States is a superior spot for her and his family. He goes after England when he stated, that â€Å"there is no ill-advised or nauseating equality† in the United States contrasted with England. He parts of the bargains feeling when heâ tells his better half to give the kids a kiss for him.John Downe utilizes diverse explanatory methodologies to attempt to convince his significant other to move to the United States from England. He paints a picture of America that is inviting and warm. His tone is extremely convincing and he utilizes poignancy to shape an association with his better half.

The Working Girls

Ladies are entering the work advertise in more prominent numbers and are remaining in it longer and for a bigger extent of their work lives (Looking 1996). When asked what they need, ladies react in overview after survey† â€Å"pay equity,† â€Å"better wages,† or â€Å"more money† (Looking 1996). At the end of the day, ladies accept they are not being paid what they are worth (Looking 1996). This is a typical reaction here and there the salary range, â€Å"women from the official suite to the production line floor, from the workplace to the washroom,† all vibe that they are come up short on (Looking 1996). During the 1970's, ladies earned 59 percent of what men earned, and today they by and large procure roughly 72 percent of what men gain (Looking 1996). Be that as it may, in spite of the fact that ladies' profit have ascended, around 3/5 of the narrowing of the hole is because of the fall in men's genuine income (Looking 1996). Additionally, the compensation hole develops as ladies and men age, the hole is moderately little for young ladies and men, however from there on men's wages increment strongly while ladies' don't (Looking 1996). Indeed, the normal lady in her working prime, in her mid forties, makes just about equivalent to a man in his late twenties (Looking 1996). Around fifteen years back, everything appeared to be conceivable, to â€Å"bring home the bacon, cook it in a container, split the second move with some touchy New Age man,† anyway gradually the cheery work-life cadence has changed for proficient ladies (Wallis 2004). Albeit numerous nations have given ladies the privilege to maternity leave and, now and again, liberal endowments for kid care, and some have even started a 35-hour week's worth of work, be that as it may, the standard for most administrators is as yet 50 hours every week for ladies (Wallis 2004). As indicated by Catalyst, a U. S. esearch and counseling gathering, the normal number for officials in the U. S. is approximately 70 hours per week (Wallis 2004). What's more, for double profession couples with youngsters, the consolidated work hours have developed from 81 hours every week in 1977 to 91 hours of the week in 2002, as per the Families and Work Institute (Wallis 2004). The U. S. Registration information uncover an expansion in housewives who hold graduate or expert degrees, these are the very ladies who appeared to be bound to impact through the discriminatory limitation, yet 22 percent of them are home with their youngsters (Wallis 2004). An investigation by Catalyst found that one out of three ladies with M. B. A. s are not working all day, contrasted with one out of twenty of their male friends (Wallis 2004). Sylvia Ann Hewlett, financial specialist and creator at Columbia University in New York City, who sees a cerebrum channel all through the main 10 percent of America's work power, says â€Å"What we have found in seeing this gathering in the course of the most recent five years is that numerous ladies who have any sort of decision are picking out† (Wallis 2004). As indicated by another examination discharged in March 2006 by Accenture, a worldwide administration counseling organization, ladies administrators around the globe despite everything face a daunting struggle in working environment uniformity, regardless of huge increases during the previous ten years (Most 2006). The examination, entitled â€Å"The Anatomy of the Glass Ceiling: Barriers to Women's Professional Advancement,† depends on an overview of 1,200 male and female officials in eight nations (Most 2006). The respondents were approached to score factors they accepted impacted their profession accomplishment across three measurement: singular (vocation arranging, skill, decisiveness, and so on , organization (strong directors, straightforward advancement forms, and so on. ), and society (equivalent rights, government backing of parental leave, and so on ) (Most 2006). The contrasts among male and female respondents' answers were sued to figure the current â€Å"thickness† of the unfair limitation, a term used to portray an unacknowledged hindrance that keeps ladies and different minorities from accomplishing places of intensity or obligation in their callings (Most 2006). As per the investigation, 30 percent of ladies administrators and 43 percent of male officials accept that ladies have indistinguishable open doors from men do in the working environment, along these lines supporting the presence of an unattainable rank (Most 2006). In spite of the fact that there has been some advancement in breaking the unfair limitation in the course of recent years, associations and social orders need to see that it is so essential to underwrite and expand upon the abilities of ladies (Most 2006). In the Bem Sex Role Inventory, scientist Pamela Butler concentrated inquiries on genuine issues ladies face in changing cliché observations (Merrick 2000). As indicated by Butler, there is exceptional weight for proficient ladies to adjust to cliché jobs, for example, â€Å"cheerfulness,† â€Å"tenderness,† and even â€Å"gullibility† (Merrick 2000). As ladies move into the executives in expanding numbers, it has become progressively clear that these cliché convictions ten to restrict their headway (Merrick 2000). The ‘Catch 22' is that when ladies attempt procedures of sex inversion and embrace the purported male attributes, they regularly find that they face another arrangement of issues, that of estrangement and threatening vibe, in light of the fact that as Butler brings up, getting one of the young men is more earnestly than it looks (Merrick 2000). As indicated by Butler, it takes participation from peers at work to make systems work, since explore shows that perspectives held by those around a lady, even herself, obstruct working connections among ladies and men, and these mentalities at last are acknowledged in misfortunes of profitability and of genuine dollars to associations (Merrick 2000). The motivation behind Butler's exploration was to investigate the morals of propagating sex generalizations in the board, and to examine how the lady supervisor works under the framework with female characteristics that are sustained by socialization and, the other way around, just as how she works under the framework when she receives manly attributes that break sex jobs (Merrick 2000). The decisions of administration styles present moral problems for ladies, in light of the fact that to get along, the new-age lady supervisor frequently finds that she needs to act one route outwardly while being driven by an especially unique mind within (Merrick 2000). Additionally, she may find that similarly, her male partners act toward her single direction outwardly yet feel especially distinctively about her at work (Merrick 2000). The new-age lady director additionally may wind up playing a barbarous twofold game in which she is used to show the association has non-unfair recruiting rehearses, â€Å"and simultaneously she discover she needs to deal with secret antagonistic vibe from her partners in the working environment, who feel they have been compelled to work with her to dodge issue with the forces that be† (Merrick 2000). Information gathered by L. K. Earthy colored uncovers that 5 percent of the all out overall administrators in 1947 were ladies, while just 6 percent of all directors in 1978 were ladies (Merrick 2000). In the United States, the figures were 14 percent in 1947, contrasted with 22 percent thirty years after the fact (Merrick 2000). In any case, the majority of the administrative positions held by ladies are in the fields of wellbeing organization, building oversight and eatery the board, which means there are more ladies supervisors in fields that have customarily been seen ladies' work (Merrick 2000). An overview completed by Fortune, found that solitary ten of 6,400 individuals who worked at administrative situations in 1,300 of the country's biggest organizations were ladies (Merrick 2000). In addition, as indicated by Brown, just 3 percent of ladies administrators in the United States gain more than $25,000 every year (Merrick 2000). Earthy colored infers that bigger organizations are not advancing ladies for a huge scope, and that ladies looking for top administration posts may lean toward littler organizations rather than enormous male-commanded organizations (Merrick 2000). As per a Canadian review, 55 percent accept that it is simpler for men to progress in the work environment than ladies, and 42 percent of female administrators who were studied accept that sexual orientation based segregation will never totally vanish from the work environment (Pollara 2000).

Missing Document Deadline Extended to Wednesday

Missing Document Deadline Extended to Wednesday Based on a high volume of document submissions generated by my previous post, we are now extending the deadline for submission of missing documents to this Wednesday, February 1st, at 5 PM ET. This is a mighty good time to login to MyMIT and make sure everything is in! To recap, you may send your missing documents in via: Docufide Fax at  617.687.9184 Fax is the most reliable way to get us a document. It is automagically digitzed and put into our system, and today we have already received over a thousand faxes and are working on processing them. In a small number of cases almost entirely international students in India there has been some difficulty sending faxes. While were not exactly sure why this is happening, or where the breakdown is occurring, but if this glitch is affecting you, you may, in the short run, have your teacher or guidance counselor email a scanned PDF of the missing document to admissions [at] mit [dot] edu. If we need to follow up for confirmation, we will. Please only email the document if the fax option has repeatedly failed for you. Faxing the document is quicker and easier for you and for us. Additionally, I received a number of comments on my last post from students concerned about missing test scores that they had sent some time ago. When I followed up with those individuals, in almost every case the same thing had happened, which is that the student had registered for the test with slightly different information (a different spelling of name, or choice of last name, or address, or high school) than they had used for applying via MyMIT. When this happened our system creates two records for a single individual one with the scores, and one with everything else because of the different data asssociated with the documents. If you are missing scores and you are positive that you sent them to MIT via the appropriate testing organization, it is very likely the case that it is because of this dual record problem. Please email admissions [at] mit [dot] edu and alert them to differences which may exist between your MyMIT information and your SAT/ACT/TOEFL/etc information so that we can work on merging those records for you. Dont be worried! We are here to help you get your information to us. Thanks for quickly sending in missing documents, and well get them processed as fast as we can.

Interview With Larry Reynolds, Owner Of Reynolds Lighting...

On September 15, 2015, I had an interview with Larry Reynolds, owner of Reynolds Lighting at exit seven. I know this man pretty well, considering this is my boyfriend’s grandfather. It took us about thirty to forty minutes to complete the interview. It took place at my boyfriend’s house. He was very intuitive and gave great answers to the questions that I had asked him. He has made a wonderful life for himself through this business. The information I had gathered from him is wonderful, so I will take some time to fill you in. When Larry was young before he started his first venture with business, he had â€Å"worked for other companies, and then after working at another lighting company for two and a half years, that is when I decided to try business on my own instead of working for someone else. I decided to create my own business, but what had gotten me to that point was that I had worked for other people and was unhappy† (L. Reynolds, personal communication, September 15, 2015). Working for other people could be hard because one may not agree with what his/her boss says or does. We as employees have to do what the bosses say, or else we could get fired for not doing our jobs. When running a business, there are obstacles that will have to be overcome. When Larry first started his business and got it running, he had a lot of things that he had to deal with. There were three things that Larry stated were things he had to overcome, and they are â€Å"One, financial, two,Show MoreRelatedHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 PagesCHAPTER 1 Changing Nature of Human Resource Management After you have read this chapter, you should be able to: ââ€"  Identify four major HR challenges currently facing organizations and managers. List and define each of the seven major categories of HR activities. Identify the three different roles of HR management. Discuss the three dimensions associated with HR management as a strategic business contributor. Explain why HR professionals and operating managers must view HR management as anRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesPlanning 116 Determining the Demand for Labor 117 Predicting the Future Labor Supply 117 Where Will We Find Workers? 118 Matching Labor Demand and Supply 118 Job Analysis 120 Job Analysis Methods 120 Observation Methods 120 Individual Interview Method 120 Group Interview Method 120 Structured Questionnaire Method 120 Technical Conference Method 120 Diary Method 121 Discipline and Employee Rights 97 What Is Discipline? 97 WORKPLACE ISSUES: Managers Should Be Prepared before Disciplining EmployeesRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesImportant in Cross-Cultural Negotiations† 462 glOBalization! Anger and Conflict Across Cultures 467 Self-Assessment Library What’s My Negotiating Style? 467 An Ethical Choice Using Empathy to Negotiate More Ethically 468 Point/Counterpoint Player–Owner Disputes Are Unnecessary 471 Questions for Review 472 Experiential Exercise A Negotiation Role-Play 472 Ethical Dilemma The Lowball Applicant 473 Case Incident 1 Choosing Your Battles 473 Case Incident 2 Mediation: Master Solution to Employment DisputesRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesfirms iii iv †¢ Preface rising from adversity. I have also brought back Ethical Mistakes, because I believe that organizations more than ever need to be responsive to society’s best interests. Altogether, this 11th edition brings seven new cases to replace seven that were deleted from the previous edition. Some of the cases are so current we continued updating until the manuscript left for the production process. We have tried to keep all cases as current as possible by using Postscripts,Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesthat he was forced to stand down by venture capitalist investor 3i were dismissed. Ministry’s 36-year-old Marketing Director, Mark Rodol, took over as chief executive and launched a strategic review of the whole business. Rodol commented on Palumbo’s exit: James is an entrepreneur – but what is going to make this business great is a focused, long-term brand strategy. To his credit James has had the foresight to step aside and let the people who understand and believe this run the company. It’s about

Societys View of Women in Media and Sports - 1470 Words

â€Å"To begrudge folks of their opinion of these women is useless. Beauty is entirely subjective, a matter truly in the eye of the beholder,† (Source 1). The media is infamous for how it views individuals. Television shows such as TMZ and Extra exist for the sole purpose of not only stalking, but also ridiculing celebrities regardless of whether or not they planned to be in the limelight. If Jennifer Lawrence appears gorgeous in her red carpet gown, she is praised; if she is caught with a slice of pizza in her mouth she is viewed by the same people as a slob. The media treats its precious celebrities like dogs, rewarding them or scolding them for their behaviors. This attitude is not reserved for celebrities, as it also affects the common, non-famous people—men and women both—and emerged in the Roaring 20s. Before the cultural transformation of that era, women fit the image of the so-called Gibson Girl. The Gibson Girl was extremely feminine and beautiful with l ong, flowing, thick hair, modest yet elegant outfits, and wide birthing hips. When companies started to yearn for more money, advertisement agencies began to develop ads that featured skinny girls with the body of twelve-year-old boys, and short hair to promote different hair products. This allowed companies to charge the same amount of money for a smaller amount of fabric. Thus emerged the â€Å"Flapper† of the 1920s—a truly new breed of woman whose new appearances matched their new attitudes. These women would drink andShow MoreRelatedDisability Sports : Disabled Disabilities1673 Words   |  7 PagesDisability sports was initially created to help rehabilitate war veterans, since then it has become extremely popular and occurs across the globe. Historically, disability sports has not received very much attention, the problem is that we don’t have enough organized programs for the younger generations. 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Children at work Free Essays

This generation of parents have become more worried about what their children are watching and playing and because of this productiveness’s The British Board of Film Classification (BBC) was established to give age ratings to movies. The board began fully operating in 1985 and since then they have rated thousands of movies. This wasn’t a problem in the ass’s as parents Just accompanied their children in the movies they couldn’t watch alone but because of the growing amount of violence, sexual content and swearing in major motion pictures these days, parents are a lot more reluctant in coming with their children to those blockbuster flimsy they really wanted to watch. We will write a custom essay sample on Children at work or any similar topic only for you Order Now The main themes movies are rated with are: violence, sex, drugs, profanity, nudity, gambling or other types of mature content. However these themes are becoming more prevalent in movies these days and children learn about these things at a younger age so they should be comfortable with these topics. These age rating stop the kids from coming to terms with these topics and it would be much better if they learnt about these things In a movie then through peer pressure and experience. Besides parents underestimate how much their children really know about these tauter topics and the amount of swearing In a mature movie Is about the same thing that you would hear in a high school. This Is why I believe age ratings are pointless and should be eradicated as they aren’t really protected the children from anything just making them want to watch It more, as something becomes more desirable when its not allowed. The same applies to video games but Its a slightly different scenario as It costs only 10 pounds to watch a movie but about 40 pounds to buy a video game. How to cite Children at work, Papers

William BlakeS Relevance To The Modern World Essays -

William Blake'S Relevance To The Modern World William Blake's Relevance to the Modern World William Blake, who lived in the latter half of the eighteenth century and the early part of the nineteenth, was a profoundly stirring poet who was, in large part, responsible for bringing about the Romantic movement in poetry; was able to achieve remarkable results with the simplest means; and was one of several poets of the time who restored rich musicality to the language (Appelbaum v). His research and introspection into the human mind and soul has resulted in his being called the Columbus of the psyche, and because no language existed at the time to describe what he discovered on his voyages, he created his own mythology to describe what he found there (Damon ix). He was an accomplished poet, painter, and engraver. Blake scholars disagree on whether or not Blake was a mystic. In the Norton Anthology, he is described as an acknowledged mystic, [who] saw visions from the age of four (Mack 783). Frye, however, who seems to be one of the most influential Blake scholars, disagrees, saying that Blake was a visionary rather than a mystic. 'Mysticism' . . . means a certain kind of religious techniques difficult to reconcile with anyone's poetry, says Frye (Frye 8). He next says that visionary is a word that Blake uses, and uses constantly and cites the example of Plotinus, the mystic, who experienced a direct apprehension of God four times in his life, and then only with great effort and relentless discipline. He finally cites Blake's poem I rose up at the dawn of day, in which Blake states, I am in God's presence night & day, And he never turns his face away (Frye 9). Besides all of these achievements, Blake was a social critic of his own time and considered himself a prophet of times to come. Frye says that all his poetry was written as though it were about to have the immediate social impact of a new play (Frye 4). His social criticism is not only representative of his own country and era, but strikes profound chords in our own time as well. As Appelbaum said in the introduction to his anthology English Romantic Poetry, [Blake] was not fully rediscovered and rehabilitated until a full century after his death (Appelbaum v). For Blake was not truly appreciated during his life, except by small cliques of individuals, and was not well-known during the rest of the nineteenth century (Appelbaum v). Blake lived during a time of intense social change. The American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution all happened during his lifetime. These changes gave Blake a chance to see one of the most dramatic stages in the transformation of the Western world from a somewhat feudal, agricultural society to an industrial society where philosophers and political thinkers such as Locke, Franklin, and Paine championed the rights of the individual. Some of these changes had Blake's approval; others did not. One example of Blake's disapproval of changes that happened in his time comes in his poem London, from his work Songs of Experience. In London, which has been described as summing up many implications of Songs of Experience, Blake describes the woes that the Industrial Revolution and the breaking of the common man's ties to the land have brought upon him (Mack 785). For instance, the narrator in London describes both the Thames and the city streets as chartered, or controlled by commercial interests; he refers to mind-forged manacles; he relates that every man's face contains Marks of weakness, marks of woe; and he discusses the every cry of every Man and every Infant's cry of fear. He connects marriage and death by referring to a marriage hearse and describes it as blighted with plague. He also talks about the hapless Soldier's sigh and the youthful Harlot's curse and describes blackening Churches and palaces running with blood (London). London and many of Blake's other works dealing with a similar theme, particularly those from the Songs of Experience, strike a particular nerve for those who are living in a society where the cost of living compared with income is steadily increasing, where AIDS, Ebola, and

Halloween Quotes for Kids

Halloween Quotes for Kids Halloween has special significance for children. Kids look forward to October 31 when they can play out their imagination and spook their friends. Retailers have realized the importance of this holiday and stock up a variety of wild costumes for kids. You can get any costume- from a pirate to Pinocchio. On Halloween night, kids dress up in zany costumes, pretending to be scary monsters and weird creatures. They travel door to door, usually accompanied by an adult and yell, trick or treat! If the friendly neighbor chooses to be tricked, the kids play a naughty prank on the neighbor. Most people enjoy treating kids with candy. Kids also love to share ghost stories, and spooky tales of dead people to add to the thrill. If your children enjoy Halloween, join them in their naughty adventures. Share these wonderful Halloween quotes for kids to make the night a truly memorable one. Organize a Halloween costume party and encourage kids to dress up in wicked and wacky costumes. Titus Lucretius Carus For as children tremble and fear everything in the blind darkness, so we in the light sometimes fear what is no more to be feared than the things children in the dark hold in terror and imagine will come true. Robert Brault I dont know that there are real ghosts and goblins, but there are always more trick-or-treaters than neighborhood kids. David Arquette The first horror film I remember seeing in the theatre was Halloween and from the first scene when the kid puts on the mask and it is his POV, I was hooked. R. L. Stine When I was a kid my family was really poor and I remember one Halloween I wanted to dress up really scary and my parents came home with a duck costume. I wore that costume for years! I hated it. Gavin DeGraw When I was a kid I got busted for throwing a rock through a car window and egging a house on Halloween. Larry, Curb Your Enthusiasm [When trick or treating kids ask for some candy] Yeah, its Halloween but that doesnt mean you can go around to peoples houses and bilk candy from them. Emily Dickinson One need not be a chamber to be haunted;One need not be a house;The brain has corridors surpassingMaterial place. Dexter Kozen Shadows of a thousand years rise again unseen,Voices whisper in the trees, Tonight is Halloween! Henry C. Link Fear is natures warning signal to get busy. Virna Sheard Hark! Hark to the wind! Tis the night, they say,When all souls come back from the far away-The dead, forgotten this many a day! Scottish Saying From ghoulies and ghosties and long leggety beasties and things that go bump in the night, Good Lord, deliver us! Theodosia Garrison At first cock-crow, the ghosts must goBack to their quiet graves below. William Motherwell Men say that in this midnight hour,The disembodià ¨d have powerTo wander as it liketh them,By wizard oak and fairy stream. John Kendrick Bangs Bring forth the raisins and the nuts-Tonight All-Hallows Spectre strutsAlong the moonlit way. Henry David Thoreau I would rather sit on a pumpkin and have it all to myself than be crowded on a velvet cushion. Dennis Yost and the Classics IV Just like a ghost, youve been a-hauntin my dreams, So Ill propose on Halloween. Love is kinda crazy with a spooky little girl like you. Shakespeare O horror! Horror! Horror! Tongue nor heart Cannot conceive nor name thee! Steve Almond Nothing on Earth so beautiful as the final haul on Halloween night. William Shakespeare Tis now the very witching time of night, When churchyards yawn and hell itself breathes out, Contagion to this world. J. M. Barrie A house is never still in darkness to those who listen intently; there is a whispering in distant chambers, an unearthly hand presses the snib of the window, the latch rises. Ghosts were created when the first man awoke in the night. Janet Little, On Halloween At Halloween, when fairy spritesPerform their mystic gambols,When ilka witch her neebour greets,On their nocturnal rambles;When elves at midnight-hour are seen,Near hollow caverns sportin,Then lads an lasses aft convene,In hopes to ken their fortune,By freets that night. Nina Willis Walter The witches flyAcross the sky,The owls go, Who? Who? Who?The black cats yowlAnd green ghosts howl,Scary Halloween to you! Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Haunted Houses The spirit-world around this world of senseFloats like an atmosphere, and everywhereWafts through these earthly mists and vapours denseA vital breath of more ethereal air.

Prepararse Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples

Prepararse Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples The verb prepararse is a reflexive verb that means to prepare yourself, to get prepared, or to get ready for something. Since this verb is often used reflexively, this article includes prepararse conjugations with reflexive pronouns in the indicative mood (present, past, conditional, and future), the subjunctive mood (present and past), the imperative mood, and other verb forms. Preparar vs. Prepararse The verb prepararse can also be used non-reflexively as preparar, which is always accompanied by a direct object. Preparar can be used to talk about preparing things like food or materials, or to talk about preparing people, as in training them for a job or sport competition. When talking about getting ready to go out, like getting dressed, etc., a more common verb is alistarse. Present Indicative When conjugating a reflexive verb, the reflexive pronoun should be included before each conjugated verb. Yo me preparo Yo me preparo para mis exmenes. I prepare for my exams. Tà º te preparas Tà º te preparas para la carrera. You prepare for the race. Usted/à ©l/ella se prepara Ella se prepara para su nuevo trabajo. She prepares for her new job. Nosotros nos preparamos Nosotros nos preparamos para dar un discurso en la conferencia. We get ready to give a speech at the conference. Vosotros os preparis Vosotros os preparis para hacer un largo viaje. You get ready to make a long trip. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se preparan Ellos se preparan para recibir a los invitados. They prepare to receive the guests. Preterite Indicative Use the preterite tense when you want to describe completed actions in the past. Yo me preparà © Yo me preparà © para mis exmenes. I prepared for my exams. Tà º te preparaste Tà º te preparaste para la carrera. You preparedfor the race. Usted/à ©l/ella se preparà ³ Ella se preparà ³ para su nuevo trabajo. She preparedfor her new job. Nosotros nos preparamos Nosotros nos preparamos para dar un discurso en la conferencia. We got ready to give a speech at the conference. Vosotros os preparasteis Vosotros os preparasteis para hacer un largo viaje. You got ready to make a long trip. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se prepararon Ellos se prepararon para recibir a los invitados. They preparedto receive the guests. Imperfect Indicative Use the imperfect tense when you want to describe actions in the past that were ongoing or repeated. You can translate the imperfect as was getting ready or used to get ready. Yo me preparaba Yo me preparaba para mis exmenes. I was preparing for my exams. Tà º te preparabas Tà º te preparabas para la carrera. You were preparingfor the race. Usted/à ©l/ella se preparaba Ella se preparaba para su nuevo trabajo. She was preparingfor her new job. Nosotros nos preparbamos Nosotros nos preparbamos para dar un discurso en la conferencia. We were getting ready to give a speech at the conference. Vosotros os preparabais Vosotros os preparabais para hacer un largo viaje. You were getting ready to make a long trip. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se preparaban Ellos se preparaban para recibir a los invitados. They were preparingto receive the guests. Future Indicative There are two forms of the future tense. The simple future is conjugated with the infinitive form and the future tense endings (à ©, s, , emos, à ©is, n). Yo me prepararà © Yo me prepararà © para mis exmenes. I will prepare for my exams. Tà º te preparars Tà º te preparars para la carrera. You will preparefor the race. Usted/à ©l/ella se preparar Ella se prepararpara su nuevo trabajo. She will preparefor her new job. Nosotros nos prepararemos Nosotros nos prepararemos para dar un discurso en la conferencia. We will getreadyto give a speech at the conference. Vosotros os prepararà ©is Vosotros os prepararà ©is para hacer un largo viaje. You will getready to make a long trip. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se prepararn Ellos se prepararn para recibir a los invitados. They will prepareto receive the guests. Periphrastic  Future Indicative   The other form of the future tense is the periphrastic future, which is conjugated with three components, the verb ir (to go), the preposition a, and the infinitive preparar. Remember to place the reflexive pronoun before the conjugated verb ir (to go). Yo me voy a preparar Yo me voya preparar para mis exmenes. I am going to prepare for my exams. Tà º te vasa preparar Tà º te vasa preparar para la carrera. You aregoing to preparefor the race. Usted/à ©l/ella se vaa preparar Ella se vaa preparar para su nuevo trabajo. She isgoing to preparefor her new job. Nosotros nos vamosa preparar Nosotros nos vamosa preparar para dar un discurso en la conferencia. We aregoing to get readyto give a speech at the conference. Vosotros os vais a preparar Vosotros os vaisa preparar para hacer un largo viaje. You aregoing to get ready to make a long trip. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se vana preparar Ellos se vana preparar para recibir a los invitados. They aregoing to prepareto receive the guests. Present Progressive/Gerund Form In Spanish, the gerund or present participle is often used as an adverb or to form progressive tenses like the present progressive. When conjugating progressive tenses there are two options for placement of the reflexive pronoun: it can go before the conjugated auxiliary verb estar, or attached to the end of the present participle. Present Progressive ofPrepararse se est preparando / est preparndose Ella se est preparando para su nuevo trabajo. She is preparing for her new job. Past Participle Similarly to English, in Spanish the past participle is used in perfect tenses like the present perfect. In perfect tenses the reflexive pronoun must be placed before the conjugated auxiliary verb haber. Present Perfect of Prepararse se ha preparado Ella se ha preparado para su nuevo trabajo. She has prepared for her new job. Conditional Indicative If you want to talk about possibilities, you can use the conditional tense. Yo me prepararà ­a Yo me prepararà ­a para mis exmenes si tuviera tiempo. I would prepare for my exams if I had time. Tà º te prepararà ­as Tà º te prepararà ­as para la carrera si estuvieras motivado. You would preparefor the race if you were motivated. Usted/à ©l/ella se prepararà ­a Ella se prepararà ­apara su nuevo trabajo, pero ella conoce bien el material. She would preparefor her new job, but she knows the material well. Nosotros nos prepararà ­amos Nosotros nos prepararà ­amos para dar un discurso en la conferencia, pero no tenemos tiempo. We would getreadyto give a speech at the conference, but we don't have time. Vosotros os prepararà ­ais Vosotros os prepararà ­ais para hacer un largo viaje si tuvierais ms dinero. You would getready to make a long trip if you had more money. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se prepararà ­an Ellos se prepararà ­an para recibir a los invitados si decidieran venir. They would prepareto receive the guests if they decided to come. Present Subjunctive Que yo me prepare La maestra espera que yo me prepare para mis exmenes. The teacher hopes that I prepare for my exams. Que tà º te prepares El entrenador sugiere que tà º te prepares para la carrera. The coach suggests that you prepare for the race. Que usted/à ©l/ella seprepare El jefe espera que ella se prepare para su nuevo trabajo. The boss hopes that she prepares for her new job. Que nosotros nos preparemos El profesor recomienda que nosotros nos preparemos para dar un discurso en la conferencia. The professor recommends that we get ready to give a speech at the conference. Que vosotros os preparà ©is Carlos pide que vosotros os preparà ©is para hacer un largo viaje. Carlos asks that you get ready to make a long trip. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas sepreparen Marta pide que ellos se preparen para recibir a los invitados. Marta asks that they prepare to receive the guests. Imperfect Subjunctive There are two possible ways of conjugating the imperfect subjunctive: Option 1 Que yo me preparara La maestra esperaba que yo me preparara para mis exmenes. The teacher hoped that I prepare for my exams. Que tà º te prepararas El entrenador sugerà ­a que tà º te prepararas para la carrera. The coach suggested that you prepare for the race. Que usted/à ©l/ella sepreparara El jefe esperaba que ella se preparara para su nuevo trabajo. The boss hoped that she prepared for her new job. Que nosotros nos preparramos El profesor recomendaba que nosotros nos preparramospara dar un discurso en la conferencia. The professor recommended that we get ready to give a speech at the conference. Que vosotros os prepararais Carlos pedà ­a que vosotros os prepararais para hacer un largo viaje. Carlos asked that you get ready to make a long trip. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas seprepararan Marta pedà ­a que ellos se prepararan para recibir a los invitados. Marta asked that they prepare to receive the guests. Option 2ï » ¿ Que yo me preparase La maestra esperaba que yo me preparase para mis exmenes. The teacher hoped that I get ready for my exams. Que tà º te preparases El entrenador sugerà ­a que tà º te preparases para la carrera. The coach suggested that you get ready for the race. Que usted/à ©l/ella sepreparase El jefe esperaba que ella se preparase para su nuevo trabajo. The boss hoped that she get ready for her new job. Que nosotros nos preparsemos El profesor recomendaba que nosotros nos preparsemospara dar un discurso en la conferencia. The professor recommended that we get ready to give a speech at the conference. Que vosotros os preparaseis Carlos pedà ­a que vosotros os preparaseis para hacer un largo viaje. Carlos asked that you get ready to make a long trip. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas sepreparasen Marta pedà ­a que ellos se preparasen para recibir a los invitados. Marta asked that they get ready to receive the guests. Imperative If you want to give an order or command you need the imperative mood. When conjugating a reflexive verb, note that in positive commands, the reflexive pronoun goes after the verb, while in negative commands, the reflexive pronoun goes before the verb. Positive Commands Tà º preprate  ¡Preprate para la carrera! Get ready for the race! Usted preprese  ¡Preprese para su nuevo trabajo! Get ready for your new job! Nosotros preparà ©monos  ¡Preparà ©monos para dar un discurso en la conferencia! Let's get ready to give a speech at the conference! Vosotros preparaos  ¡Preparaos para hacer un largo viaje! Get ready to make a long trip! Ustedes preprense  ¡Preprense para recibir a los invitados! Get ready to receive the guests! Negative Commands Tà º no te prepares  ¡No te prepares para la carrera! Don't get ready for the race! Usted no se prepare  ¡No se prepare para su nuevo trabajo! Don't get ready for your new job! Nosotros no nos preparemos  ¡No nos preparemos para dar un discurso en la conferencia! Let's not get ready to give a speech at the conference! Vosotros no os preparà ©is  ¡No os preparà ©is para hacer un largo viaje! Don't get ready to make a long trip! Ustedes no se preparen  ¡No se preparen para recibir a los invitados! Don't get ready to receive the guests!

Identify barriers to cultural competence and note ways that the nurse Research Paper

Identify barriers to cultural competence and note ways that the nurse can improve the nurse-patient and nurse-family relationshi - Research Paper Example The process of learning the traits of the local culture starts right from birth. As they grow up, nurses assimilate into their indigenous culture that can have a profound effect on the way they interact with the patients as well as the way they operate in the health care system. Cultural competence essentially means the ability to deal with the differences of beliefs, opinions, values, and practices grounded in cultural differences in an articular manner so that the quality of work is enhanced and conflicts are deterred. Barriers to cultural competence of nurses include but are not limited to discrimination, prejudice, stereotyping, racism, lack of awareness, and lack of language proficiency. Certain barriers are overtly noticeable such as lack of language competency because the nurse cannot communicate with the other person while other barriers are hidden such as lack of awareness of the belief systems of different cultures. In certain situations, nurses display a lack of sensitivit y even without any intention to offend the other person. This lack of sensitivity is grounded in nurses’ lack of awareness of the different sets of beliefs and norms that comprise different cultures. ... Although it is very difficult to fully master the values of different cultures, it should be understood that good manners are appreciated and interpreted as symbols of respect in almost every culture. Simple steps like asking the patients how their day has been and asking them by what name or title do they want to be addressed inculcates respect in the hearts of the patients and coworkers for the nurses. In order to develop cultural competence, it is imperative that nurses acknowledge the existence of a variety of belief systems in the society. There are times when others’ health care practices appear meaningless or strange. Nurses might find others’ beliefs about the health care services in their country difficulty to understand. While it is not required of a nurse to fully understand the whole variety of belief systems of their patients, yet nurses need to have respect for them. Nurses should avoid making assumptions about the beliefs of people from different cultures if they are not familiar with the values of those cultures. â€Å"Cultural competence is obtaining cultural information and then applying that knowledge† (Culturaldiversity.org, 2012). In light of this definition of cultural competence, it is more advisable for the nurses to ask those individuals very thoughtfully and professionally how things are done in their culture, if necessary. The nurses need to try to find out the level of awareness in the patients about their health problems, methods of treatment, and the expected outcomes. Nurses should display respect for the support groups of the patients as well that may include anybody ranging from family members to religious leaders. Cultural competence is one of the most

Male Role Models in Childcare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Male Role Models in Childcare - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that it is expected by the modern society that men will start having a larger role to play in the upbringing of child care and child care.   It is very common nowadays to see the father playing an active role in the upbringing of the child, and in some cases, the father names the major role in child care and upbringing.   Thus it is evident that the reversal of roles is now a reality in a number of households. However, in the scenario of child care centers and professional childcare management, it has been seen that the role of female professionals is much more dominant than their male counterparts. The United Kingdom’s green paper named ‘Meeting the Childcare Challenge’ was published in 1998 and it emphasized the need for more and more major workers in child care management and the prevailing status of child care workers in the child care industry of the UK.   It is often assumed that child care management is a fe male profession predominantly, and there is a strong mindset among a number of people in the UK as well as Europe which prefers a female childcare workforce rather than a male child care workforce.   One of the primary reasons why male child care professionals should be encouraged to work and contribute to this industry is that the male professionals can automatically serve as role models for young boys, especially the boys belonging to those families where the father is not present.

The Concept of Charismatic Leadership theory

The Concept of Charismatic Leadership theory The study of leadership has been important to humans since the dawn of civilisation, the concept of leadership; leader and follower were represented in Egyptian hieroglyphics written 5,000 years ago. Between 400 and 300BC the Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle wrote about leadership and the requirements, characteristics, and education of leaders (Paul, et al. 2002). Leadership is central to the human condition (Wren, 1995) and has found to be important to all societies, although specific patterns of behaviour vary overtime and across cultures (Bass, 1990). Leadership theories have evolved in the last century to the point where they began to be the basis for models that accurately describe the activities of leaders with good correlation to their success in some situations (Antonakis House, 2002), (Yukl, 2006a). Meindl (1990) leadership can best be understood as a perception that plays a key role in peoples efforts to make sense of organisational phenomena. According to his view, organisational systems, activities, and events are hard to comprehend because they are ambiguous and complex. Nevertheless, organisational members and observers have a need to make sense of their environment to preserve an illusion of understanding and control. Because leadership provides a convenient and plausible explanation for important, but causally ambiguous outcomes, it is overused as an explanatory category. Essentially, attributers romanticise leadership as a causal determinant of organisational processes and performance. In a sense, supervisory theories of leadership are about leadership in organisations. Strategic theories of leadership are concerned with leadership of organisations, see (Hunt, 1991) and are marked by a concern for the evolution of the organisation as a whole, including its changing aims and capabilities (Selznick, 1984). Strategic leadership focuses on the people who have overall responsibility for the organisation and includes not only the titular head of the organisation but also members of what is referred to as the top management team or dominant coalition (Cyert March, 1963). As (Mintzberg, 1989) argues, strategy can be understood as a pattern, that is, consistency in behaviour over time. In the strategy process, there may be intentions that are fully realised as well as fully unrealised strategies. In addition, the strategy may emerge. 2.1 General Leadership Theories 2.1.1 Phases of leadership theories The earliest modern literature on leadership appeared in the nineteenth century. This earliest generation of leadership research was set out from the assertion that the emergence of leaders must be connected with certain inherited endowments. There was even a book named Hereditary Genius (Galton, 1970). A comprehensive review of leadership research, published in handbook form, was produced by (Stogdill, 1974). In this handbook, he provided evidence that leadership traits vary not only from situation to situation, but also from time to time. Only a few components remain comparatively consistent over time. Subsequent editions of this handbook were revised by Bass, who is Stogdills successor (Stogdill Bass, 1981) and (Bass, 1990a). In the later edition Bass drew further evidence from later research and identified traits which were steadily relevant to leadership effectiveness. These included activity level, task competence, interpersonal competence, authoritarianism, power orientation and Machiavellianism, value, needs, well-being, accorded status and esteem, and charisma. (Locke et al. 1991) produced a similar list. Since then, the pace of development has mounted as the need for its application intensified following the development of society especially in business management after World War II. In terms of classifying this evolution, a widely accepted view was suggested by (Hunt, 1999a). According to his argument, this evolution can be divided into three generations; namely: trait theory, situational-contingency theory and transformational leadership theory In all it was later accepted that the trait approach failed to prove that there was a set of gifted traits, which made people become leaders. Researchers then mostly turned to the new assumption that leadership can be taught and learned under a proper set of principles according to (Lee Thomas, 2007). Bass also added an extra chapter to the handbook, and this was dedicated to charismatic and inspirational leadership style. Charismatic leadership is actually one of the most important areas in leadership theory since it has the longest acknowledgement in the literature and actually spans across all the three generations of leadership studies. (Weber, 1924, 1947 1968) was the first to mention the concept of charisma. He saw charisma as a special kind of leadership trait that can lead organisations to get through periods of crisis successfully. Since the mid-1970s, research interest in charismatic leadership was shifted from Webers view of crisis rescuer to an emphasis on those leaders who could effect extraordinary influence continuously. It was found that charismatic leaders could usually improve organisational performance through their own behaviour and that this could have a powerful effect on the morale of their followers. This kind of leadership is referred to by the situational-contingency school of researchers as charismatic leadership e.g. (Adair, 1973), (Kets de Vries, 1984) and (Conger Kanungo, 1987a), transformational leadership e.g. (Burns, 1978a) and (Bass, 1985a), inspirational leadership e.g. (Yuki Van Fleet, 1982) or visionary leadership e.g. (Bennis Nanus, 1985a) and (Sashkin, 1988a). Later, researchers in the generation of transformational leadership also classified it as change management (Bass, 1990b). The first author to differentiate between charismatic and inspirational leadership was (Downton, 19 73). He pointed out that the followers endorsement of charismatic leaders is based on blind faith in the leaders, whereas the endorsement of inspirational leaders is based on the rationale that the followers believe and share the leaders vision and strategy. 3.1 The Concept of Charismatic Leadership (up to 1992) and how it fits in to the general leadership theories 3.1.1 Theoretical background of charismatic leadership The term charisma, whose initial meaning is a gift in Greek, has been frequently used in politics and religion to adduce legitimacy to power. (Weber, 1968) defined it as an individuals personality quality (or at least, specifically exceptional powers or qualities) by virtue of which he/she is set apart from ordinary people and which thus legitimises his/her exercise of influence. (House, 1977a) developed a theory of charismatic leadership which is among the first attempts to build a comprehensive theoretical basis for studying the topic. Leadership theory, alternatively referred to as charismatic, transformational, visionary, or inspirational, has emerged in the organisational literatures of (House, 1977b), (Burns, 1978b), (Bass, 1985b), (Bennis Nanus, 1985b), (Tichy Devanna, 1986), (Boal Bryson, 1988), Conger Kanungo, 1987b), (Kuhnert Lewis, 1987), (Sashkin, 1988b). Relating to this new genre of leadership theory, such leaders transform the needs, values, preferences and aspira tions of followers from self-interest to collective interests. Further, they cause followers to become highly committed to the leaders mission, to make significant personal sacrifices in the interest of the mission, and perform above and beyond the call of duty. Theories of charismatic leadership highlighted such effects as emotional attachment to the leader on the part of the followers; emotional and motivational arousal of the followers; enhancement of follower valences with respect to the mission articulated by the leader; follower self-esteem, trust, and confidence in the leader; follower values; and follower intrinsic motivation according to (Shamir, House Arthur, 1993a). The integration of charismatic leadership theory with the upper echelons perspective in an attempt to better understand the leadership role of chief executive officers (CEOs) was reviewed by (Waldman, Javidan Varella, 2004). They proposed that emerging charismatic leadership theory and research may provide new possibilities for the upper echelons perspective. In the past, leadership theory has been seen as the domain of organisational behaviour and micro-oriented perspectives. (House, 1999) organisational behaviourists are generally more psychologically oriented and define charisma as one of the following: a relationship between an individual (leader) and others (followers) based on deeply held shared ideological (as opposed to material) values; an individual who accomplishes unusual feats through the efforts of followers who are exceptionally loyal to the leader, have a high degree of trust in the leader, and are willing to make personal sacrifices in the interest of the leaders vision and the collective led by the leader; a complex set of personal characteristics and/or behaviours of an individual that leads to the above outcomes. The specific traits and behaviours are defined somewhat differently among the organisational behaviourists theories. Organisational behaviourists have used all three of the above definitions, none of which are incompatible with the others. Charismatic leadership is assumed to have three core components: envisioning, empathy, and empowerment according to Conger (2006), increasing attention has been directed during the past several decades toward charismatic leadership. Charisma represents a potentially key construct relevant to strategic leadership (Pawar Eastman, 1997). Apparently, a recent theoretical perspective has begun to link charisma to strategic leadership. For example (Finkelstain Hambrick, 1996) acknowledged that charismatic leadership could affect firm performance in one of several ways. First, the values of such leaders could influence strategic choices through their impact on their field of vision, their perception and interpretation of information, and their strategic decision making. Furthermore, the day-to-day actions and behaviours on the part of charismatic chief executive officers could also affect organisational functioning and performance. Unfortunately, in their view, they did not make potential linkages between charisma and performance especially clear and, indeed, devoted little attention to such linkages in their consideration of strategic leadership. Conger Kanungo (1992) developed a model that focuses on several behavioural dimensions of charismatic leadership within organisations. According to the model, charismatic leadership is an attribution based on followers perceptions of their leaders behaviour. The leaders observed behaviour is interpreted by followers as expressions of charisma in the same sense as a leaders behaviours reflect that individuals participative, people and task orientations. Charismatic leaders differ from other leaders by their ability to formulate and articulate an inspirational vision and by behaviours and actions that foster an impression that they and their mission are extraordinary. As such, individuals choose to follow such leaders in management settings not only because of formal authority but out of perceptions of extraordinariness. Thus any measurement of charismatic leadership must be based on followers perceptions of the specific behavioural attributes of the leader that engender such outcomes . The Conger-Kanungo model proposed several distinguishing behavioural components in three distinct stages of the leadership process. A number of different behaviours may lead to perceptions of charisma (Bass Avolio, 1993), (Conger Kanungo, 1987c) and (Shamir, House Arthur, 1993b). Following earlier experimental research by (Yorges, Weiss Strickland, 1999), they demonstrated that a leader making personal sacrifices to achieve the collective vision rather than personally benefiting from his or her action was perceived as more charismatic. The more recent psychological and organisational behaviour literature has dealt with these variables rather extensively, arguing that charismatic leaders strongly appeal to the values and self-concepts of followers by articulating radical solutions to their problems (Shamir, House Arthur, 1993c). 4.1 Development of Charismatic Leadership (post 1992) In the past decade, the bulk of leadership research has focused on transformational and charismatic leadership (Judge Piccolo, 2004). In sharp contrast to the rational nature of the transactional leadership paradigm of the 1960s and 1970s (Bass, 1990e), transformational and charismatic leadership theories (Bass, 1985c), (Burns, 1978c), (Conger Kanungo, 1998a) and (House, 1977c) recognised the affective and emotional needs and responses of followers performance, placing more emphasis on the emotional, inspirational, and symbolic aspects of leadership influence (Shamir, House Arthur, 1993d) and (Conger Kanungo, 1998b). Attempts to integrate the multiple theories of transformational and charismatic leadership reveal many commonalities, including leader vision and a charismatic communication style (House Shamir, 1993) and (Kirkpatrick Locke, 1996). Newer frameworks that can be applied to leadership theory include meso-level paradigms that attempt to provide an integration of micro and macro organisational behaviour (House et al. 1995) and (Hunt Dodge, 2001). Concurrent with the development of meso-level paradigms, the field of leadership has witnessed an infusion of theory dealing with charismatic and inspirational leadership. 4.1.1 Realisation of Vision content and organisational performance Drawing from the communication literatures, (Holladay Coombs, 1993 and 1994) invoked the concepts of message content and delivery to explain the two-step process whereby charismatic leaders initially craft and then articulate an idealised vision. An idealised vision is generally considered to be a prerequisite for a leader to become transformational or charismatic e.g. (Bass, 1988). Once formulated, the vision must be articulated to mobilise followers to pursue it. Studies in the past decade have identified six behaviours exhibited more frequently by charismatic leaders than by non-charismatic leaders. These include: vision and articulation; sensitivity to member needs; environmental sensitivity; unconventional behaviour; taking personal risks; and not maintaining the status quo as defined by the Conger-Kanungo scale (Conger Kanungo, 1994a). Envisioning involves creating an overall picture of a desired future state with which people can identify and which can generate excitement. In addition to formulating a vision, they are adept at communicating the vision and infusing day-to-day work with a larger sense of purpose and greater intrinsic appeal (Conger, 1989a). Most charismatic leaders, therefore, are known as persuasive speakers. They often rely on various rhetorical techniques such as metaphors, analogy, and stories to inculcate key ideas into the followers minds, so that their message would have a profound impact on followers (Conger, 1989b). (Awamleh Gardner, 1999) suggested an agenda for research to clarify. In particular, the joint effects of vision content, delivery, organisational performance cues, and generalised leadership beliefs on perceived charisma and leader effectiveness warrant empirical attention. Accordingly, in their study they projected three key objectives: to explore the combined effects of vision content and delivery on perceptions of leader charisma and effectiveness; to investigate the relative effects of performance outcomes on these perceptions; and to examine the effects of generalised beliefs about leadership (i.e., romance of leadership disposition) on leadership perceptions. To put the results in perspective, they reconsidered (Lord Mahers, 1993) definition of leadership as the process of being perceived by others as a leader. Accordingly, when people use prototypes to infer leadership, strong delivery of an idealised and well articulated vision will lead to perceptions of charisma and leader effectiveness. These perceptions, in turn, provide the leader with an attentive audience of followers who will be highly receptive to the leaders influence attempts. On the other hand, when followers use organisational outcomes to assess leadership qualities, high performance appears to similarly enhance the leaders image of charisma and effectiveness. Importantly, such perceptions will in turn provide the leader with greater leverage in influencing others. Their point is that the recognition and inferential models are not mutually exclusive. To maximise their influence potential, leaders must provide a strongly articulated and idealised vision, and successfully at tain high performance outcomes. 4.1.2 Charismatic leadership and followers outcomes (Conger, 1999a) over the last decade and a half, highlighted that the topic areas of charismatic and transformational leadership in organisational settings have undergone a significant evolution in terms of both theory development and empirical investigations. Both the greatest amount of theory development as well as empirical research on charismatic and transformational leadership has been in the area of leader behaviours and, to a lesser extent, on follower effects. This was due largely to the backgrounds of the most active researchers, almost all of whom have had a strong behavioural orientation. While there have been a number of individuals studying either transformational or charismatic leaders e.g. (Bennis Nanus, 1985c) and (Kouzes Posner, 1987).Kouzes, J.M. and Posner, B.Z., 1987. . The leadership challenge Jossey-Bass, San Francisco. Three principal leadership processes are involved (Bass, 1985d)Bass, B.M., 1985. . Leadership and performance beyond expectations Free Press, New York. in achieving such outcomes: these leaders heighten followers awareness about the importance and value of designated goals and the means to achieve them; they induce followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the collective and its goals; and they stimulate and meet their followers higher order needs through the leadership process and the mission. Bass was the first organisational scholar to operationalise the transformational leadership model into a measurement instrument. As a result, more studies employ his scale than any of the other models proposed to date. As such, today four behavioural components make up the dimensions of transformational leadership: charisma or idealised influence; inspiration; intellectual stimulation; and individualised consideration. In contrast to the other theories, charisma is a separate component and is defined in terms of both the leaders behaviour (such as role modeling) and the followers reactions (such as trust, respect, and admiration for the leaders ability) (Conger, 1999b). (Bono LLies, 2006) suggested that positive emotions play a role in the charismatic leadership process in an extensive literature linking positive affect to the same outcomes achieved by charismatic leaders (e.g., cooperation, task performance, motivation, creativity). Their aim was to examine the effects of leaders positive emotional expressions on follower mood and perceptions. They discovered that charismatic leaders express more positive emotions than do less charismatic leaders and that leaders positive emotional expressions have a direct effect on follower mood. Furthermore, they argued that both leaders emotional expressions and follower mood had independent effects on perceptions of leadership effectiveness and attraction to a leader. First, (Isen, 2004) has demonstrated that positive change is associated with task performance, particularly on creative tasks, though these effects are not universal, as (George Zhou, 2002) demonstrated that under certain conditions positive mood was negatively associated with creativity. Other studies linked group affective tone (i.e., positive group mood) to group effort and coordination (Sy, Cote Saavedra, 2005), improved cooperation and decreased conflict among group members (Barsade, 2002), and subjective assessments of performance (Totterdel, 2000) and (Fredericksons, 2003) broadened-and-built theory posits that positive emotions broaden the relationship between thought and action, leading to increased novelty and exploration of ideas on the part of employees who experience them. (Rousseau, 1998) suggested the possibility that high-quality relationships may develop even when only a few well specified and important resources are exchanged, such as hard work for high pay. In the recent work of (Cicero Pierro, 2007a), they reviewed that leadership and work outcomes are associated to social identification processes, referring both to recent developments of charismatic leadership models and to the recent developments of the social identity analysis applied to the workplace, e.g. (Abrams Hogg, 2001). Two field surveys were conducted using 200 Italian public and private sector employees (two different working organisations). Two questionnaires were designed in order to collect data. They included different measures of charismatic leadership derived by the literature e.g. the Conger-Kanungo Charismatic Leadership Questionnaire; (Conger Kanungo, 1994b and 1998), for Study 2), a scale to assess the degree of identification with the work-group (Van, K.D., Van, S.E.C.M., 2000) and some scales to measure the different outcomes considered e.g., (Brown and Leighs effort measure, 1996) and (Mobleys turnover intention measure, 1977). As they predicted, results o f Study 1 revealed that charismatic leadership was positively related to work-group identification, and employees work effort was positively related to work-group identification. Work-group identification also mediates relationship between charismatic leadership and work effort. Results of Study 2 replicated the positive association between charismatic leadership and employees work-group identification; work-group identification is also associated with their job involvement, job satisfaction, performance, and turnover intention. (Cicero Pierro, 2007b) admitted that their research has some limitations. The first one to note was that a causality relation cannot be inferred due to the cross-sectional nature of the data, although it was one of the most-used methods in applied and field psychological research. They suggested that future investigations, then, should adopt an experimental or longitudinal design. A second one was represented by the fact that the criteria variables had been assessed by paper-and-pencil self-report measures, which may reflect participants perceptions rather than objective realities. However, some of the analysed variables (e.g., work-group identification, turnover intention, job involvement, etc. pertain exclusively to individuals perceptions and feelings, so only a few of these measures (for instance leadership style and performance) should be assessed through actual behaviours and more objective measures in order to substantiate the results obtained. They concluded that their resul ts enlarged the knowledge of the dynamic that may affect work outcomes and underline the tangible relevance of social identification processes and, in particular, the relevance of employees identification with the work-group to the organisation life. 4.1.3 Concept between Instrumental, transformational and transactional leadership Research on leadership started with a concern for identification of leadership traits, so that this might be used to as a basis for management selection and training. When the relationship of such traits to organisation effectiveness proved weak, researchers sought to emphasise specific leadership behaviours, starting with participative management, and the later behavioural research on social/task and instrumental leadership behaviours, revealed the complexity of leadership and showed the futility of simple answers according to (Vasu, Stewart Garson, 1998). Current notions of leadership in particular, transformational leadership perspectives see (Hunt, 1999b), (Lowe Gardner, 2000) fail to address the strategic and task-oriented developmental functions of leaders (referred to as instrumental leadership by (Antonakis House, 2002), see also (Yukl, 1999). Theoretically, these instrumental leader functions are essential for ensuring sustainable organizational and follower performance. Instrumental leadership is not included in transformational leadership theories (e.g., the full-range leadership theory of (Avolio, 1999), (Avolio Bass, 1991), (Bass, 1985e), (Bass Avolio, 1994, 1997), an omission that might limit: the extent to which the full-range theory is able to predict effective leader functioning and our understanding of the contexts in which different types of leadership are important. (Antonakis House, 2004) defined instrumental leadership as a class of leader behaviours concerning the enactment of leader expert knowledge toward the fulfillment of organisational-level and follower task performance, see also (Nadler Tushman, 1990). Instrumental leadership is distinct from transformational (i.e., ideals, inspirationally based, etc.) and transactional (i.e., exchange-based) leadership and encompasses two subclasses of leader behaviours. Each of these subclasses, in turn, consists of two factors: strategic leadership leaders actions centered on environmental scanning strategy formulation and follower work facilitation leaders actions focused on facilitating follower performance. On the other hand, transformational leadership is associated with strong personal identification with the leader, the creation of a shared vision of the future, and a relationship between leaders and followers based on far more than just the simple exchange of rewards for compliance. The ability of the leader to articulate an attractive vision of a possible future is a core element of transformational leadership (Hartog Verburg, 1997). Transformational leadership goes beyond the cost-benefit exchange of transactional leadership by motivating and inspiring followers to perform beyond expectations (Bass, 1985f). As (Hater Bass, 1988) pointed out, contrasting transactional and transformational leadership does not mean the models are unrelated. Burns (1978d) thought of the two types of leadership as being at opposite ends of a continuum. However, here we follow (Bass, 1985g) who viewed transformational and transactional leadership as separate dimensions. This viewpoint implies that leaders could show both transactional and transformational behaviours. Bass argues that transformational leadership builds on transactional leadership but not vice versa. Thus, high-quality relationships have more in common with a transformational kind of relationship than with a purely transactional one (Gerstner Day, 1997). 5.0 Conclusions Each of the theories under consideration has evolved over time by different intellectuals and is still being studied and used today to explain modes of leader behaviour (Harris, Harris Eplion, 2007), (Yukl, 2006b), (Sagie Koslowski, 1994). Each of the theories considers both the leaders effect on followers and the interaction between leader and follower. According to (Summary Report of Accomplishments: 2003à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 2008) reported that one measure of a journals influence on a field is Impact Factor and Citation Data. To calculate the impact factor, Thomson Scientific records the number of citations in a particular year to articles published in the two previous years, divided by the number of articles in the same previous years. For The Leadership Quarterly, the Impact Factors (and ranking within the categories of Management and Psychology, Applied) for the last 5 years as reported by its publisher, Elsevier, is illustrated in Appendix 1. Another measure of journal impact is the number of full text downloads between 2003 and 2008. The number of downloads for The Leadership Quarterly increased as summarised is shown in Appendix 2. The summary of the Impact Factor, it shows there has been a substantial increase in this index between 2003 and 2007 is shown in Appendix 3. I disagree with (Houses, 1992) article that charismatic leadership was a new genre of leadership theory. For the fact that in the past and the present, several publication have shown significant contribution by scholars in the study and practice of charismatic leadership. Researchers have played a key role in shaping and nurturing the fields of leadership and management to generate new knowledge and insights into leadership theories. Appendices Appendix 1. Year Impact Factor Management Rank Psychology Rank 2007 1.763 20/81 12/57 2006 1.720 16/78 12/54 2005 1.750 9/71 7/49 2004 1.769 10/67 6/50 2003 1.315 20/67 13/49 Appendix 2. 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 *Jan-Jun 83,528 125,417 162,583 213,027 260,948 185,627 Appendix 3. 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 .511 .333 .778 .456 1.338 Source: ISI Web of Knowledge.

Consumer Awareness Essay

THE PROCESS of development along with the expanding globalisation and liberalisation process has increased the number of consumer related issues. Consumer protection has earned an important place in the political, economic and social agendas of many nations. In India, the Government has taken many steps including legislative, to protect consumers. Education is a life long process of constantly acquiring relevant information, knowledge and skills. Consumer education is an important part of this process and is a basic consumer right that must be introduced at the school level. Consumers by definition include all citizens who are, by and large the biggest group, who are affected by almost all government, public or private decisions. The most important step in consumer education is awareness of consumer rights. However, consumer education is incomplete without the responsibilities and duties of consumers, and this influences individual behaviour to a great extent. Definition Consumer awareness is making the consumer aware of His/Her rights. Consumer awareness it a marketing term. It means that consumers note or are aware of products or services, its characteristics and the other marketing P’s (place to buy, price, and promotion). Need : we need it so we will not be misled by producers,it explains if what we buy is worth to our money..and not harmful to us and to environment . Many people are ignorant of their rights to get protected against the exploitation by so many others. So when there is a forum for such redress of grievances there seems to be no such exploitation by many; and becomes a rare one. So in order to get a clear picture of the level of exploitation of consumers, the awareness is required. Role of producers  proper labeling, full information, health warnings, handling information, expiration date, etc. keep to requirements, norms, standards labelproducts according requirements, providing true facts If they are providing a service they should carry it out with due skill and  care. They must also make sure that any materials they provide as part of this service are fit for the purpose. It is also illegal for a supplier to cut off, or threaten to cut off, supply to a reseller (wholesale or retail) because they have been discounting goods or advertising discounts below prices set by the supplier. Consumer awareness is about making the consumer aware of his/her rights.It is a marketing term which means that consumers are aware of products or services, its characteristics and the other marketing P’s (place to buy, price, and promotion).Though the first consumer movement began in England after the Second World War, a modern declaration about consumer’s rights was first made in the United States of America in 1962, where four basic consumer rights (choice, information, safety and to be heard ) were recognized. Ralph Nadar, a consumer activist, is considered as the fathe r of ‘consumer movement’. March 15 is now celebrated as the World Consumer Rights Day. The United Nations in 1985 adopted, , certain guidelines to achieve the objectives of maintaining protection for consumers and to establish high level ethical conduct for those engaged in production and distribution of goods and services. High prices, duplicate articles, underweight and under – measurements, rough behavior, undue conditions, artificial scarcity are some of the ways by which consumers are exploited by manufacturers and traders. Limited information, limited supplies and low literacy are factors causing exploitation of consumers. In India, the concept of consumer protection is not new. References to the protection of consumer’s interest against exploitation by trade and industry, underweight and measurement, adulteration and punishment for these offences, were made in Kautilya’s ‘Arthashastra’. However, an organized and systematic movement to safeguard the interest of consumers, is a recent phenomenon. The consumers have to be aware not only of the commercial aspects of sale and purchase of goods, but also of the health and security aspects. Food safety has become an important element of consumer awareness these days. In case of food products, its quality depends not only on its nutritional value, but also on its safety for human consumption. Consumption of contaminated or adulterated food is a major cause of human illness and suffering. This called for strong legal measures to ensure that the manufacturers and sellers observe uniformity and transparency in prices, stocks and quality of their goods.Enactment of Consumer Protection Act, 1986 was one of the most  important steps taken to protect the interests of consumers. The provision of the Act came into force, with effect from July 1, 1987. The act recognizes consumer’s right to seek redresses and right to consumer education. The salient features of the Act are as follows:- †¢ Applies to all goods and services unless specifically exempted by the Union Government; †¢ Covers all the sectors whether private, public or cooperative; †¢ Enshrines the consumer’s rights related to safety, information, choice, representation and redress and consumer education. †¢ The act gives consumers an additional remedy besides those which may be available to them under the provisions of other existing laws and they are free to choose the remedy. †¢ Empower consumers seeking discontinuance of certain unfair and restrictive trade practices, defects or deficiencies in services and stopping in services or withdrawal of hazardous goods from the market. There are no legal formalities for filing the complaint. Suppose, you find yourself cheated by trader or a manufacturer and wish to make a complaint to consumer court, you can write the details on a plain paper. Attach the supporting documents, that is, guarantee or warrantee card and cash memo with the complaint and submit it in the district consumer court. You do not have to go to any lawyer or professional for legal assistance. You yourself can plead the case in the consumer court.Since, the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act and even before that, newspapers and magazines have been responding to the needs of consumers. Apart from publishing articles, columns etc newspapers have also tried to come to the rescue of harassed consumers. The Indian Express was one of the first newspapers to start a consumer complaint column. There are 500 consumer associations, which are working in the field of consumer protection. They deal with various aspects of consumer exploitation. Some of the prominent ones are: Consumer Guidance Society of India, Mumbai; Citizens Action group, Mumbai; Common Cause, New Delhi; Voice, New Delhi; Consumer Utility and Trust Society, Jaipur. So next time you find yourself at the wrong end of a purchase don’t just sit back and blame, go to a consumer court and make your claim. CONSUMER AWARENESS  THE PROCESS of development along with the expanding globalization andliberalization process has increased the number of consumer related  issues. Consumer protection has earned an important place in the political, economic and social agendas of many nations. In India, the Government has taken many steps including legislative, to protect consumers.However, this is largely unknown to many citizens irrespective of whether they areeducated or uneducated. With an enormous population along with high levels of poverty,unemployment and poor literacy levels, consumer awareness continues to remain low. Education is a life long process of constantly acquiring relevant information, knowledgeand skills. Consumer education is an important part of this process and is a basicconsumer right that must be introduced at the school level. Consumers by definitioninclude all citizens who are, by and large the biggest group, who are affected by almostall government, public or private decisions. The most important step in consumer education is awareness of consumer rights. However, consumer education is incompletewithout the responsibilities and duties of consumers, and this influences individual behaviour to a great extent. With the increasing changes in economic conditions, thechildren especially are becoming young consumers at an early age. Children must learn toobtain information about goods and services, understand the psychology of selling andadvertising, learn to shop wisely and distinguish between wants and needs. They mustalso understand the alternatives of conserving and saving rather than buying andconsuming.Children are spending more of their leisure time watching television at the cost of other pursuits such as reading or sports. With the introduction of a number of specialisedsatellite channels, television enjoys a large viewership base consisting of children.Exposure to the marketplace as young shoppers has made most children aware of thedifferent kinds of products that are available. Advertisements are no doubt an importantsource of information as they help to inform consumers about the availability of different products before making their choice. A majority of the advertisements are aimed at youngchildren today, especially those covering food products, beverages and cosmetics(especially toothpaste/fairness creams). Advertising influences the food preferences andeating habits of children to a large extent.Unfortunately, many advertisements make false promises, are highly exaggerated a ndgive incomplete descriptions of products. The media, schools and parents along withconsumer groups need to help children develop the ability to understand  the purpose of advertising. There is so much more information available to children that they must perceive the importance of distinguishing between different sources of information.The consumption patterns are changing fast and children today are very clear on their choices regarding food, clothing, cosmetics or accessories. Parents are increasingly permitting their children to take decisions when shopping. It then becomes veryimportant for children to check details (for example, labels) before buying products Children can be taught to shop wisely and a few simple precautions will ensure that theychoose the right product at the right price. It is but natural that parents wish the best for their children, and strive hard to fulfil their demands. But this is not always a good ideaas it affects both the parents and children in a negative way in the long run.Consumer education also involves environmental education as it deals with theimportance of conserving (natural resources) and sustaining (recycling and reusing) theenvironment, including the direct health effects of environmental pollution and toxic products on consumers.Schools must incorporate consumer education into school curricula as it is important toimpart the practical skills and critical ability needed to cope with social and economicchanges.Anyone who consumes goods is a consumer. Consumers get exploited in the market.They respond to advertisements and buy goods. Generally advertisements do not give allthe information that a consumer needs t know or wants to know about a product. Definition Consumer awareness is making the consumer aware of His/Her rights.Consumer awareness it a marketing term. It means that consumers note or are aware of products or services, its characteristics and the other marketing P’s (place to buy, price,and promotion).Usually commercials and ads increase consumer awareness, as well as â€Å"word of mouth†(a comment from someone you know about a product or service). 1 Need : we need it so we will not be misled by producers,it explains if what we buy is worth toour money..and not harmful to us and to environment .Many people are ignorant of their rights to get protected against the exploitation by somany others. So when there is a forum for such redress of grievances there seems to beno such exploitation by many; and becomes a rare one. So in order  to get a clear pictureof the level of exploitation of consumers, the awareness is required. 2. Role of producers proper labeling, full information, health warnings, handling information, expiration date,etc. keep to requirements, norms, standards label products according requirements, providing true facts They have to produce and deliver the goods/services of right qualityat right price at right time at right place at right quantity with right faceIf they are providing a service they should carry it out with due skill and care. They mustalso make sure that any materials they provide as part of this service are fit for the purpose. It is also illegal for a supplier to cut off, or threaten to cut off, supply to areseller (wholesale or retail) because they have been discounting goods or advertisingdiscounts below prices set by the supplier. Some of the common methods of exploitation are 1.Under weight and under measurements –not measured or weighed correctly2.Substandard Quality –defective home appliances and medicines beyond expirydate3.High prices—charging above the retail price4.Duplicate Articles—selling fake items in the name of the original5.Adulteration and Impurity—is done to get higher profits6.Lack of safety Devices—absence of inbuilt safe guards in appliances7.Artificial Scarcity—hoarding and black marketing8.False and Incomplete Information—misleading information on quality, durability,and safety.9.Unsatisfactory after sales Service—high cost items like electronics and carsrequire constant and regular service.10.Rough behavior and Undue conditions—harassment in getting LPG connection or a telephone connection.. Factors causing exploitation of Consumers. 1.Limited Information—providing full and correct information will help in thechoice2.Limited Supplies—when goods and services are in short supply then price shootsup3.Limited Competition.—single producer may manipulate the market in terms of price and stocks.4.Low Literacy.—illiteracy leads to exploitation.Hence Consumer Awareness isessential Rise of consumer Awareness Kautilya was one of the earliest to write in his Arthashastra about the need for Consumer awareness and protection. With the growth of private sector there is a greater need for discipline and regulation of the market. Consumers must be aware of the sale and purchase of goods, the health and security aspects also. Ensuring the safety of food itemssold in the market is essential these days.Legal measures for consumer safety and consumer awareness must be uniform, andtransparent in terms of prices, quality of goods, and stocks. Consumers must have thetools to combat malpractices and protect their rights. Rights and Duties of Consumers As codified under the Indian Laws the Consumers have the following Rights 1.Right to Safety—to protect against hazardous goods2.Right to be Informed—about price, quality, purity3.Right to Choose—access to a variety of goods and services at competitive prices.4.Right to be Heard—consumers interest and welfare must be taken care of 5.Right to seek Redressal—protection against unfair trade practicesand settlinggenuine grievances.6.Right to Consumer Education.—Kowledge about goods and issues related toconsumers. Duties 1.Get a bill for every important purchase and also the Warranty card2.Check the ISI mark or Agmark on the goods3.Form consumer awareness groups4.Make a complaint on genuine grievances.5.Consumers must know to exercise their rights. Consumer protection Measure 1. Legislation concerning Consumer Rights. The Consumer Protection Act 1986 provides for consumer disputes redressal at the stateand national level. With the help of this law the agencies can solve grievances in aspeedy, simple and inexpensive manner. A separate department of consumer affairs wasset up at the state and central government. A three tier system of consumer courts at the National, State and District levels were set up. These agencies have done good work byhandling lakhs of cases. 2. Public Distribution System .To protect the poor from price rise and black marketing the government food  security tothe poor by supplying essentials through the ration or Fair price shops. 3. Standardisation of Products .These are done to assure the quality of products. The ISI stamp on goods is placed by theBureau of Indian standards. This caters to industrial and consumer goods. These goodscan be trusted to confirm to specific standards. Agmark is meant for Agricultural products.At the International level the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) locatedin Geneva sets common standards. The FAO and WHO provide food standards. 4.Legal formalities for filing a complaint .The complaint can be written on plain paper. The supporting documents like the warrantycard must be attached. A lawyer is not required. We can argue our case