Inadequacy of Cyber Laws in India - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1387 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: India Essay Did you like this example? Title: Inadequacy of Cyber Laws in India Inadequacy of Cyber-Laws in India* Introduction: A very simple understanding of the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Cyber Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is that it is the law governing Cyber Space. Cyber space is a very wide term and includes computers, networks, software, data storage devices (such as hard disks, USB disks etc.), the Internet, websites, emails and even electronic devices such as cell phones, ATM machines etc.[1] Crime is both a social and economic phenomenon and in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s world it can be prevalent in our real space as well as cyber space. Thus in order to curb the cyber-crime, Indian Cyber Law was born on 17th October 2000.2 It is the primary source of cyber law in India.3 There are no other sources from which cyber law is derived in India. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Inadequacy of Cyber Laws in India" essay for you Create order This act covers all aspects of transactions and activities on and concerning the Internet, the World Wide Web and Cyberspace. It is often wrongly interpreted that cyber law is a technical field but in reality it is a really vast concept with constant need for amendments in the law. Every action and every reaction in Cyberspace has some legal and Cyber legal perspectives. With the increasing number of people spending majority of their time in cyber space there was an immediate need to introduce laws for the cyber space. This paper will talk about the legitimacy of cyber laws in India. Moreover the existing legislations and rules need to be reviewed again as they are inadequate for todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s society. Cyber laws are applicable to everyone ranging from registering the domain name to emailing anyone. Infact every activity which one pursues on the internet is governed under the cyber law. This paper will give a deep insight into the cyber laws of India and critique on its shortcomings and inadequacy in certain fields in India. Moreover the article will point out the limitations of the cyber laws in India and do a brief case study on the law. The cyber law concept being still new in India there is a vast playground for it to improve considerably. Also we have found out that since the past few decades the importance of cyber law has vastly improved.4 The researcher will highlight the key issues and state various landmark cases like Avnish Bajaj Vs. State (N.C.T.) of Delhi.5 A notable notion can be taken from the declaration of the independence of cyberspace by John Perry Barlow, Switzerland: We will create a civilization of the Mind in Cyberspace. May it be more humane and fair than the world your governments have made before. A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace. John Perry Barlow. Davos, Switzerland. February 8, 1996.6 This notion talks about that even though the government may be unfair to the world but in Cyberspace the i nternet aims to create a humane and a fair situation for everyone. Getting a reality check into this thought we know that it is not possible but with these cyber laws it may be possible to get one step closer to achieving this dream of a utopian mass society in cyberspace. However before jumping to conclusions based on the above statement it will be fruitful to jump into the detailed study of the cyber laws of India to get a deep insight. 5 Avish Bajaj was the owner of a shopping website on which some obscene mms clipping was posted and he was arrested. 6 https://www.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html research methodology: The researcher has primarily relied on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Observational/Applied Researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  methodology. This research is based on studying various articles, textbooks, legislations and cases to understand the cyber laws problem in India. Analytical and Critical methods are used as primary tools in this study to support the argumen ts of the researcher. objectives of study: To discuss the role of Indian cyber laws as an essential factor in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s society. To understand the vital role of laws in cyberspace and the factors which can exploit it. To study the inter relationship between the government and the laws in the country which revolve around it. To identify the limitations of the law and its shortcomings. To discuss whether the existing laws are adequate or they need to be made stricter. research questions: What is the basic aim of the Information Technology Amendment act? How binding is this act today in India? What are the different situations where this act can be used? What role does this act play in regulating cybercrimes in India? What are the shortcomings of this act? Are the existing laws adequate for safe cyber life? hypothesis: Information Technology Amendment Act 2010 is the primary source of cyber law in India. But this act is not implemented properly in India. There are huge shortcomings in the implementation of this act. Huge cyber-crimes are committed and still the criminals are not charged under this act. This act needs to be heavily revised and be implemented strictly. CHAPTERIZATION: Chapter one deals with the definition of Cyber law and its role in protecting the cyber space of India. Chapter two deals with the historical background of cyber laws and it also deals with its evolution over the years. Chapter three aims to establish the importance of technology and the various ways it can be exploited. Chapter four deals with the short-comings of the cyber law in India and various ways it can be exploited Chapter five sums up the entire research paper in the form of a well-structured conclusion and includes a few suggestions by the researcher. Literature Review 7 years of Indian Cyber Law Rohas Nagpal: This paper begins with a short outline of the various rules, regulations and orders that have been passed over the last 7 years. It then moves onto a brief discussion on the Indian law relating to cyber pornography and features the Avnish Bajaj (CEO of bazzee.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" now a part of the eBay group of companies) case. Cyber Crime Law in India: Has Law Kept Pace with Emerging Trends? An Empirical Study Nappinai, N. S: India got its first codified Act in the Information Technology Act (IT Act), in the year 2000. The scope of this paper is to highlight some important provisions of the cyber-criminal laws in India relating to data protection, privacy, encryption and other cybercrimes and the extent to which the said provisions arm the enforcement authorities to combat not just existing but emerging trends in Cyber Crime. PR Cyberspace à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Indian Perspective Rohas Nagpal: This book goes into the texhnical aspect of computers and clears various concepts along with new introduction to evolution of technology. It also states the jurisprudence of Indian Cyber Law. Cyber-Laws and Enforcement Ajmal Edappagath: The article talks about importance of trust and security on cyberspace. It goes into the scope and development of cyberlaws in India. It gives an insight in the future of the cyber law in the country. Cybercrimes Law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Dr. Amita Verma: This textbook talks mainly about cybercrimes and the laws revolving it. It describes various types of cybercrimes and the conceptual framework of the cyberspace. Various legal instances of cyberspace have been portrayed in this book. An Introduction to Cyber Law and Cyber Crime à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Dr. R.k. Chaubey: The part C of this textbook gives a detailed introduction of law in cyberspace along with challenges and conflicts revolving around it. It shines a light on the issue of jurisdiction of law in cyberspace along with critical analysis of the IT act 2000. Bibliography BOOKS: An Introduction to Cyber Law and Cyber Crime à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Dr. R.k. Chaubey Cybercrimes Law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Dr. Amita Verma CASES: Avnish Bajaj Vs. State (N.C.T.) of Delhi (2005)3CompLJ364 (Del), 116(2005) DLT427, 2005(79) DRJ576 ARTICLES: Ajmal Edappagath, Cyber-Laws and Enforcement, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad Volume 14, No. 3, December 2004. ONLINE MATERIALS: https://www.cccindia.co/corecentre/Database/Docs/DocFiles/india_cyber.pdf https://www.cyberlawsindia.net/cyber-india.html https://www.cyberlawsindia.net/Information-technology-act-of-india.html https://www.cccindia.co/corecentre/Database/Docs/DocFiles/india_cyber.pdf https://dict.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/attachments/cyber_crime/7_years_of_India Cyber_Law.pdf Page 1 [1] https://www.cccindia.co/corecentre/Database/Docs/DocFiles/india_cyber.pdf 2 https://www.cyberlawsindia.net/Information-technology-act-of-india.html) 3 https://dict.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/attachments/cyber_crime/7_years_of_Indian_Cyber_Law.pdf 4 https://www.cyberlawsindia.net/cyber-india.html

IKEA Global Sourcing Challenge Indian Rugs and Child Labor

Proposal Case: IKEA Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor Summary In this case, it is known that IKEA s procurement model is the mode of global sourcing. IKEA products are shipped to the 26 distribution centres from the trade area after procurement, and then delivered to the shopping malls in the world. IKEA s procurement philosophy and assessment of suppliers mainly include four aspects: continuous price improvement; strict supplier performance and service levels; good quality and healthy products; and environmental and social responsibility (IKEA Sustainability Report 2011). In the aspect of social responsibility, IKEA does not accept child labour, but also actively prevents the use of child labour†¦show more content†¦In addition, the communication of corporate social responsibility is crucial. It can maintain the attractiveness of IKEA for a new generation of partners. IKEA hopes that the partners in dealing with corporate social responsibility can show independence, but the ability to realize this issue will have to depend on the empl oyees’ management level (Maon and Swaen, 2006). Through this initiative, colleagues at all levels can increase the awareness of corporate social responsibility, so as to achieve the purpose of incentives. Key learning Corporate social responsibility is developed since the 1990s, which is a turning point of corporate social responsibility. IKEA is also in accordance with some of the pressure in this community to adjust its operating way on the requirements of the enterprise. IKEA s business is constructed in the price and quality environment and work environment (Maon et al., 2007). With regard to a supply and demand model of corporate social responsibility (CSR), it’s assumed that a firm’s size, level of diversification, research and development (RD), advertising, government sales, consumer income, labour market conditions, and stage in the industry life cycle could estimate the firm’s standard of CSR (McWilliams and Siegel, 2001). IKEA as a large multinational Corporation with 26 distribution centres and emphasis on RD andShow MoreRelatedIkea s Global Sourcing Challenge Indian Rugs And Child Labor1532 Words   |  7 PagesIKEA’S GLOBAL SOURCING CHALLENGE INDIAN RUGS A ND CHILD LABOR In 1995, Marianne Barner, IKEA’s manager for carpets, faced a difficult situation when one of their Indian rug supplier apparently was involved with the use of child labor in the manufacture of its products for IKEA. Even though they had a contract where IKEA explicitly forbid the use of child labor. 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How should Marianne Barner respond to the invitation for IKEA to have a representativeRead MoreIkeas Global Sourcing Challenge2533 Words   |  11 PagesIKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor (A) Case Synopsis IKEA is a â€Å"privately held, international home products company that designs and sells ready-to-assemble furniture such as beds and desks, appliances and home accessories† (www.worldisyouroyster.com). The company was established in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad in Sweden when he was just 17 years old. Kamprad himself, who still owns the private company, is rumored to be the world’s richest man. IKEA is currently the world

Internationalization Strategies Free Essays

string(87) " largest South Korean conglomerates operating across a wide range of business sectors\." Introduction In early days of civilization, people in most of the cultures and societies across the globe use to live in families, growing their own food, making their own clothes and supporting their lives through various other self made goods. Then the population of the world increased, and production and distribution of goods began to improve. This advanced the dependence of people on others for making some products. We will write a custom essay sample on Internationalization Strategies or any similar topic only for you Order Now This dependence intensified further with people becoming specialized in producing certain products and doing certain works. This specialization and dependence formed the basics of the modern business system. Like people within a society who are dependent upon each other for some products and services, countries are dependent upon each other too. Countries across the globe have different specialization over others in producing certain products and services. Countries are either innately specialized in some areas due to their natural resources and geographical features, or achieve their specialization over some time with due diligence in some areas. However, despite achieving a certain level of economic independence, even some of the most developed countries in the world depend upon other nations for some products or services. For instance, most of the coffee consumed in US comes from Brazil, while Japan depends on other nations for most of its oil. The business activities that facili tate the exchange of products and services among different nations is referred to as International Business. The growth of international business (internationalization or global business) reflects the phenomenon of globalization. While a wide range of academic literature indicates that internationalization and globalization is advantageous, expansion of businesses across countries involves considerable challenges and difficulties (e.g. Kacker, 1986). These challenges and difficulties underscore the importance of an international business strategy specifically aimed at determining a favourable international market for expansion, choosing a viable market entry strategy, and formulating relevant business level strategies to steer the expanded business towards success. This essay evaluates the international business strategy of two retail giants Wal-Mart and Tesco. Considering the enormity of the subject of international business, this essay narrows its focus towards evaluating the international business strategy of these firms in context of South Korea. Global Retail Food Environment The global retail food industry has been enjoying a steady growth over the past few decades. It was estimated to be worth USD2, 000 billion by the year 2010 (Euromonitor, 2009). The retail food industry is mainly dominated by large hypermarket and supermarket retail chains with smaller businesses such as luxury foods retailers, and independent convenient stores having a very small market share (Euromonitor, 2009). It creates a favourable situation for some of the world’s biggest supermarket chains such as Carrefour, Wal-mart and Tesco, to pursue international expansion. The global retail food industry is increasingly being consolidated by some of these major market players. Wal-Mart and Tesco, both having considerable resources at their disposal, are in a sound position to expand their businesses to favourable overseas market. Among many emerging markets, South Korea is certainly a big opportunity for any such supermarket chain. FDI Strategy of the Host Market The foremost objective of an international business strategy of a company is to assess the favourability of the foreign direct investment strategy of a new market. Foreign companies usually take on resource and capital intensive projects of large scale and are thus concerned with the level of support afforded to them by host governments. The host governments, on the other hand look for benefits of the spill over effect of technological and capital influx brought by the foreign firms (Conyon et al., 1999). Historically, the economy of South Korea has been a closed one especially in terms of retail operations. It was not until 1988, that foreign ownership of a retail establishment was allowed in South Korea. In 1988, the government of South Korea initiated a number of 3-year open-up plans aiming to enhance the efficiency and productivity of the local retail sector. The foremost plan which was implemented in 1989 allowed for the establishment of subsidiaries of foreign companies in South Korea. The second plan of the open-up policy enabled foreign retailers to set up stores within a limited size of 1,000 sq m (Retail 360, 2012). The final plan of the open-up initiative further relaxed the number and size of retail outlets that could be owned by foreign companies. In 1993, foreign companies were allowed to open up as many as 20 retail stores with a maximum size of 3,000 sq m. However, it was in 1996, that the FDI policy for the South Korean industry was completely liberalized allowing foreign supermarket giants to expand their international business operations in earnest. Sensing this opportunity, both Wal-Mart and Tesco entered the South Korean market almost at the same time; with both adopting different international business strategies (Retail 360, 2012). Market Entry Strategy Upon liberalization of the South Korean market, Wal-Mart attempted to make its way into the new market by building its own stores in remote urban areas of the South Korean cities where real estate prices were relatively lower than the main commercial centres. It was a clear replication of Wal-Mart’s US strategy of smaller-city store build-up. Wal-Mart succeeded in opening up a total of only 16 stores in all of South Korea; with having only one store in the Seoul metropolitan area. With this, the company failed to achieve the economies of scale. Wal-Mart anticipated that the Korean consumers, like those in the US, would drive to its remotely located stores for bulk price shopping. However, this location strategy proved to be contrary to the South Korean consumers’ lifestyle and shopping behaviours. Korean consumers preferred buying smaller units of goods more frequently and thus favoured accessibility to a store more over bulk price buying (Retail 360, 2012). Unlike Wal-Mart, Tesco took a more gradual path of market entry. Tesco entered the South Korean market through a joint venture with Samsung. Samsung is one of the largest South Korean conglomerates operating across a wide range of business sectors. You read "Internationalization Strategies" in category "Essay examples" With this market entry strategy, Tesco benefited from Samsung’s knowledge and know-how of local market and consumers behaviours whilst limiting its focus upon transferring its core retailing skills to the South Korean market. Tesco did not try to replicate its British version of retail business in the new market. Tesco gradually increased its stake in its joint venture until it acquired 95% of its stake (Retail 360, 2012). Firm Size and Internationalization Management literature prescribes four fundamental business strategies and their coinciding business models for firm operating internationally. These are: Multinational organizational strategy: It resembles a ‘decentralized federation’, wherein each of the foreign subsidiaries of an organization can adapt the company’s products and services and even business strategies, to meet the local requirements of its international destinations. The head offices of those companies adhering to this strategy presumably maintain only financial controls over its subsidiaries. International organizational strategy: This type of strategy resembles a ‘coordinated federation’ wherein the head office of a business is determined to transfer its knowledge, expertise and technology to its subsidiaries in new markets. The subsidiaries is foreign markets depend upon the headquarters for developing products and services, processes and ideas; although some tasks and authorities are decentralized. The subsidiaries enjoy some autonomy regarding policies and business level strategies. Global organizational strategy: This strategy essentially forms a ‘central hub’ wherein the centre has a stringent focus upon marketing standardized product and services across the globe through a predefined unified strategy. The head office observes a tight control over all the business activities with foreign subsidiaries being strictly confined to the implementation of the policies and procedures of the head office. Their task remains to provide only sales and service. Transnational organizational model: It resembles an ‘integrated network’ wherein ideas and information flows both ways from the head office to the subsidiary and vice versa. This strategy is prevalent in knowledge organizations and information technology firms and knowledge organizations. (Kairimi and Konsynski, 1991; Hill, 2003; Johnson and Turner, 2003) Considering the above theory, business strategy of Wal-Mart in South Korea can be described as being of ‘global organizational strategy’. Wal-Mart, which entered South Korea in 1996, disappointed South Korean customers by sticking to its Western marketing strategies. The company insisted upon focusing more on dry goods, ranging from clothing to electronics, just like its American stores, while its rivals focused more on selling food and beverages which according to experts attracts South Korean customers to hypermarkets/supermarkets. Moreover, Wal-Mart stores followed their traditional store design, making them look too simpler in appearance than its local rivals. Its store simplicity was further marked by its display strategy in wherein it sold its products in boxes, while most of its rivals built eye-catching display with clerks appealing to customers over megaphones and through hand clapping like a traditional street market (Sang-Hun, 2006 a). For instance, Wal-Mart d isplayed fish wrapped in cellophane, disregarding the South Korean custom of buying fresh fish (alive in tanks). Furthermore, by applying US standards to its stores in South Korea, the company failed to alleviate various difficulties faced by its customers. For instance, adhering to the US standards, the height of the shelves at Wal-Mart stores was too high for short South Koreans (Sang-Hun, 2006 b). Meanwhile, the business strategy of Tesco, can be described as that of a ‘multinational organization’. The South Korean subsidiary of Tesco operates with complete autonomy in terms of its business strategy and approach, following an organizational structure of a decentralized federation. This approach is evident from the company’s articulated ‘Homeplus’ stores, which have relatively different features than those of Tesco’s home country stores. The chairperson of the company’s South Korean division appears to formulate and execute its business strategy with a stern local perspective; a key constituent for the business’s success in South Korea. The most critical challenge for any company undergoing international expansion is to take into account the cultural differences between its home and foreign market (see Hofstede, 1991, 2001).From the case of Wal-Mart in South Korea, it is evident that cultural habits and preferences play the most crucial role in determining the success or failure of a retail food business. In order to overcome this challenge, Tesco adopted a strategy to run its South Korean business in a strictly localized way. Pertaining to this strategy, the company employs a large number of local staff, even at its top most managerial positions. For instance, in 2008, out of its 23000 employees, only four of them were British; one of them being the regional director while the others were positioned at middle management (Davey, 2009). This strategy has proved to be very successful of Tesco. According to Martin Uden, the British ambassador to South Korea, the success of Tesco in South Korea is attributed to its stra tegy to run the business like a local one. He states that Tesco is just using its general retailing skills to run the company with a Korean approach (Davey, 2009). The company’s Homeplus format of stores is another reflection of its multinational business strategy. The Homeplus format stores are regarded as highly popular cultural centres as they facilitate community education within the premises of the hypermarkets. Overall, Homeplus stores in South Korea have more than 650 classes being conducted simultaneously to a school term in numerous subjects such as English and Chinese, Cookery and Ballet among others. In South Korea, sending children to private tuitions after school hours (called as ‘hakwons’) is a common practice. The provision of community education where children attend regular classes while their mothers occasionally accompany them for shopping is a highly successful approach. Apart from this, the Homeplus format offer sitting, resting and play areas for children. Moreover, instant snacks such as noodles and others are served at the corners of various aisles throughout the stores (Davey, 2009). South Koreans value the street market shopping experience along with the convenience of a hypermarket offered by Homeplus store. Such customer-focused approach which has been very popular in South Korea is achieved by the company’s overall international business strategy. Conclusion The opening up of South Korean market and its favourable FDI policies paved way for the international expansion of large multinational retail chains within the South Korean market. Wal-Mart chose to enter the new market with complete ownership of its subsidiaries, anticipating its success based on its homeland experience. Meanwhile, Tesco treaded the new water more carefully by choosing to enter the new market through joint venture, and gradually increasing its stake in the business. The international business strategy of Wal-Mart and Tesco differed starkly in regard to the South Korean market, with the former adopting a standardized approach, adhering to a global organizational strategy while the latter following a customized approach for the expansion in South Korea, adhering to a multinational business strategy. The standardized approach adopted by Wal-Mart failed to deliver the level of success desired by the company, leading to its ultimate exit from the South Korean market in the year 2006. Tesco, on the other hand, continued to progress and succeed in its South Korean market, acquiring a 95% stake in its joint venture with Samsung. It can be concluded that when there are stark cultural differences within the home country and the new target market, a multinational firm should best adhere to a multinational organizational strategy rather than adhering to a standard global strategy for international business. This is not to say that this perspective is the si ngle factor behind the success and failure of Tesco and Wal-Mart in South Korea. Various other factors usually intertwine to determine the success or failure of a firm in an international market. However, this perspective can be considered as the leading cause behind it. References Conyon, S. Girma, M. Thompson, S., Wright P. (1999). The Impact of Foreign Acquisition on Wages and Productivity in the UK; Centre for Research on Globalisation and Labour Markets, School of Economics, University of Nottingham Czinkota, M., Ronkainen, I. and Moffett., H (2005) â€Å"International Business†, Wiley. Davey, J. (2009) Tesco enjoys a Korea break with Homeplus. The Sunday Time {online} http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/business/article183991.ece (cited on 28th December, 2012) Euromonitor, (2009)Euromonitor International {online} http://www.euromonitor.com/ (cite on 9th August, 2012) Hill, (2003) in Lan, C. (2005) â€Å"Global Information Society: Operating Information Systems In A Dynamic Global Business Environment†, Idea Group Inc Johnson, D. and Turner, C. (2003), â€Å"International Business: themes and issues in the modern global economy†, Routledge Kairimi and Konsynski (1991) in Lan, C. (2005) â€Å"Global Information Society: Operating Information Systems In A Dynamic Global Business Environment†, Idea Group Inc Mckinsey Quarterly (2002) Taking Tesco global: David Reid, deputy chairman of Tesco, the United Kingdom’s largest grocer (2002), explains his international strategy. {online} http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Strategy/Globalization/Taking_Tesco_global_1221 (cited on 28th December, 2012) Retail 360, (2012) Korean retail therapy for foreign chains Tesco , Wal-mart and Carrefour International Retail Consultants {online} http://retail360uk.wordpress.com/2012/05/27/korean-retail-therapy-for-foreign-chains-tesco-wal-mart-and-carrefour/ (cited on 28th December, 2012) Sang-Hun, C. (2006 a) Wal-Mart quitting South Korea {online} http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/23/business/worldbusiness/23shop.html?_r=0 (cited on 28th December, 2012) Sang-Hun, C. (2006 b) Wal-Mart quitting South Korea {online} http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/22/business/worldbusiness/22iht-won.html?_r=0 (cited on 28th December, 2012) How to cite Internationalization Strategies, Essay examples

Accounting Software Packages of Fortescue-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Use of Accounting Software Packages in your Chosen Company. Answer: Introduction: The assignment studies the importance and application of accounting software in a Australian company. The paper considers Fortescue, the Australian metal company as the base of study. It is divided into two parts each divided into four subparts. The first part delves into the organisational structure, its software acquisition method, its sales process and control problems it face in operating the softwares. The second part deals with development of accounting software, its current market size, leading software companies and recommendations to them to help the customers acquire these software more easily. Organisation structure: Fortescue Metal Group follows a tall structure led by the CEO and the board of directors. that the organisation structure is led by the apex board chief executive officer, chairman of the board, lead director and four other directors. The second layer of management consists of the chief financial officer, corporate affairs and secretary, finance and secretary, director of business development, director corporate services, external relations, sales and marketing and operations. The second stratum of management reports directly to the chief financial officer. The third layer of management consists of group manager Fortescue people and group manager, health and safety. The second and the third line of management people are led by the chief executive officer (Fortescue Metals Group Ltd., 2017). Operational problems Fortescue can likely face due to its organisational structure: Fortescue Metal Group owing to its tall organisational structure of can face several operational problems like lack of dynamism in decision making and execution. Zakrzewska-Bielawska(2016) states that CEOs in the manufacturing companies perceive the impact of organisational structure and strategies on each while making decisions. Bridges and Bridges (2017) state that complex organisational structure prevents dynamic decision in manufacturing organisations which impedes fast operations. The next operational problem faced by Fortescue due to its complex and tall organisational structure is in the area of accounting. Wu(2013) states that the complex accounting processes of the manufacturing companies of two types, production activities consisting of transactions which are directly related to production of goods and non production expenses which refer to transactions committed towards supporting activities. Christopher(2016) states that manufacturing companies need to maintain and account for a large number of transactions relating to their complex supply chain management. This complex accounting procedure and vast expanse of business requires prompt decision making from the management and the CFO. However, the tall organisational structure of Fortescue and its bureaucratic layout impedes smooth decision making which often result in loss of business opportunities. This analysis shows that tall and complex organisational structure of Fortescue creates problems in smooth operations and decision making. Most likely system acquisition method: Fortescue uses Tax Monster as its accounting software which is a commercially available Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP) software (taxmonster.com.au 2017). The company is an iron ore mining and iron articles manufacturing company which engages in several types of transactions. The transactions are of two types, production related or productive expenditure and the non productive transaction which are not related to production activities. Laudon and Laudon (2016) state that ERP accounting software packages like Tax Monster help the manufacturing companies integrate their complex transactions pertaining to both the categories of flow of capital into and out of the organisations. Leon (2014) states that these software packages help in ERP planning of in manufacturing planning and helps the concerned departments integrate the accounting transactions and use them to form decisions like allocation of resources to areas of operations and production. A system flowchart of the sales procedures at Fortescue: The system flowchart shown below outlines the sales procedure followed at manufactirng companies like Fortescue. The sales process at Fortescue starts when clients place the purchase order(PO) stating the particulars and requirements like specifications of the product, expected characteristics in the finished product, quantity and so on. When the sales department acquires the orders and the Pos, it enters the particulars in the prescribed internal format and gets it approved by the clients. The contact agent then reviews the order and sees whether the terms of sale are according to the policies of the company, lawful and so on. If the contacts agent finds that the particulars of the order are accurate, the shipment department processes the order and the finished goods are shipped. If the orders are not according to the requirements, the agents requests approval from the management or the concerned person at Fortescue. If the authorised person approves the order, the contact agents to o approves it and the order is processed by the logistics departments for shipment. The accounts departments records the transactions in both these cases as sale of articles. If the authorised person does not approve the order, the agent cancels the order and it is not shipped. The sales department or the customer care department notifies the customer about the cancellation of orders from the side of Fortescue Figure 1. Figure showing sales processes (Source: Author) Control problem in the system and possible frauds in the system: Ismail and King (2014) states the manufacturing companies face certain control problems while using accounting software. The accounting softwares are very costly and require heavy investments in controlling and maintaining them. Tax Monsters charges around $500 for company tax returns filing using its software whereas book keeping services cost around $ 40. Thus, it is evident from the discussion that though the account software packages are designed to meet the varied accounting requirements of the big companies, the services the offered are charged spate which adds to the costs of the company to control, update and use them. According to Alrabghi and Tiwari (2015), the next control problem of accounting software is that they maintenance is very complex. The integrated accounting softwares are connected to other system softwares in the companies like HR software and admin software. Thus, upgradation of these accounting softwares lead to changes in the related softwares which makes controlling and maintenance extremely complex. Asllani and Naco (2014) state that the accounting software are susceptible to accounting frauds like inappropriate and exaggerated accounting entries. Thus the management of manufacturing companies like Fortescue cannot depend on the accounting results shown by these softwares which makes decisions making difficult. Biener, Eling and Wirfs (2015) supports the view of Asllani and Naco and points out to the biggest threats to accounting softwares and the companies using them, cyber security and data theft. They state that cyber security results in massive losses to companies like loss of crucial data which are interrelated, unauthorised accession into the companys financial data and so on. Thus, it can be inferred from the discussion that the three problems faced by the accounting software in companies are difficulty in maintenance, high expenditure, frauds and cyber threats. Development and adoption of the accounting software packages: Gereffi and Fernandez-Stark (2016) stated that development and accounting software packages led to integration of accounting works in the companies. The introduction of Turbo Cash in 1987 in South Africa which automated the system if preparing trial balance, balance sheet and income statement. Ryan(2017) states that around the same time IBM launched personal computers which made preparation of trial balance in form of spread sheets using Lotus 123 accounting software. IBM brought about the system of continuous upgradation by the companies using the accounting software packages. Taipaleenmki and Ikheimo (2013) points out that today companies adopt technology backed software packages which allow them to integrate all the activities in the company involving flows of financial capital like payment of salary and purchase of raw materials to form financial statements. Tayeh, Al-Jarrah and Tarhini(2015) point out that this adoption of technology based accounting software packages help the c ompanies to measure their standard of business excellent at any given point of time and facilitate formation of business strategies based on these results. Market size of accounting software packages: The account software package market size is growing at about a rate of 6 percent with the new accounting software packages being introduced. The growing demand of more integrated softwares which allow the companies to incorporate the financial transactions of all their departments is driving innovation and upgradation in the software package market(technavio.com 2017). The companies today are ready of invest in advanced softwares which can help the accounts departments to record transactions like loan applications, online sales, stock and commodity in hand and recruitment of human resources. Warren, Reeve and Duchac (2013) state that these integrated recording of diverse transactions help the management to forecast future requirements of materials, capital and human resorces. The accounting recordings are today are linked to the knowledge data bases of the companies and can be used by the authorised employees to make decisions. Ryan (2017) states that the accounting software market i s geographically segmented into markets like the American market, the Australian market, the Asian market and the European market. These markets are experiencing emergence of requirements of new types of accounting software to meet the business requirements of the companies in these markets. This growing need, technological advancement, continuous innovation and new accounting software packages are encouraging dynamic growth of the market of accounting software packages. The entry of multinational companies and their continuous innovation have led to the market of accounting software become very profitable and competitive. Leader in the accounting software package market and their competitive advantages: Oracle: Oracle manufactures Net Suit accounting software which integrates stock management, warehouse management, accounting and financial management. The software driven by advanced technology also facilitates customer management. These wide varieties of functions all integrated into one software is the main competitive advantage of Oracles Netsuit. The largest competitive advantage of Oracle which has made the company a leader in accounting software its software license and support services to the users(oracle.com 2017). Fishbowl Manufacturing: The Fishbowl is an Utah based inventory management software manufacturing company which manufactures the accounting software called Fishbowl Manufacturing. The software provides platform for business automation and electronic inventory management facilities. The competitive advantage of Fishbowl is that it is one of the largest inventory management softwares manufactured internationally. The software helps the companies to control their material requirement, forecast their material requirement in the future, manage office floor, customised inventory reporting and manufacturing process monitoring(fishbowlinventory.com 2017). The current gaps or challenges encountered by users and recommendations: Costly: The current gaps in the software packages are that they are very costly and requires huge continuous investment to install and update them. this high expenditure limit the small companies from installing accounting softwares which affects their accounting operations. Limited external integration: The second gap in the accounting software is that though they integrate the internal operations like inventory management and acquisition of assets with the company, they are not advanced to integrate the external financial transactions like withdrawal of money from the banks. This requires the companies to incorporate bank transactions separately the accounting statements which is very time consuming. Recommendations: The following recommendations can be made to the software companies to increase the utility of the software packages to the companies and customers using them: The software packages should be offered at more reasonable and low prices. This will help the customers to install and upgrade these packages at lower prices which will lead to save of capital. This lowering of the prices will encourage even the small companies to install accounting software. The accountings software should be advanced so that they are directly able to obtain data from important financial statements like bank statements and loan statements. This will help the companies using them maintain better financial control. Conclusion: It can be summed up that accounting software packages have revolutionised accounting in companies. They have led to integration of the various fields like inventory management, floor management and so on. 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