Inadequacy of Cyber Laws in India - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1387 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: India Essay Did you like this example? Title: Inadequacy of Cyber Laws in India Inadequacy of Cyber-Laws in India* Introduction: A very simple understanding of the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Cyber Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is that it is the law governing Cyber Space. Cyber space is a very wide term and includes computers, networks, software, data storage devices (such as hard disks, USB disks etc.), the Internet, websites, emails and even electronic devices such as cell phones, ATM machines etc.[1] Crime is both a social and economic phenomenon and in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s world it can be prevalent in our real space as well as cyber space. Thus in order to curb the cyber-crime, Indian Cyber Law was born on 17th October 2000.2 It is the primary source of cyber law in India.3 There are no other sources from which cyber law is derived in India. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Inadequacy of Cyber Laws in India" essay for you Create order This act covers all aspects of transactions and activities on and concerning the Internet, the World Wide Web and Cyberspace. It is often wrongly interpreted that cyber law is a technical field but in reality it is a really vast concept with constant need for amendments in the law. Every action and every reaction in Cyberspace has some legal and Cyber legal perspectives. With the increasing number of people spending majority of their time in cyber space there was an immediate need to introduce laws for the cyber space. This paper will talk about the legitimacy of cyber laws in India. Moreover the existing legislations and rules need to be reviewed again as they are inadequate for todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s society. Cyber laws are applicable to everyone ranging from registering the domain name to emailing anyone. Infact every activity which one pursues on the internet is governed under the cyber law. This paper will give a deep insight into the cyber laws of India and critique on its shortcomings and inadequacy in certain fields in India. Moreover the article will point out the limitations of the cyber laws in India and do a brief case study on the law. The cyber law concept being still new in India there is a vast playground for it to improve considerably. Also we have found out that since the past few decades the importance of cyber law has vastly improved.4 The researcher will highlight the key issues and state various landmark cases like Avnish Bajaj Vs. State (N.C.T.) of Delhi.5 A notable notion can be taken from the declaration of the independence of cyberspace by John Perry Barlow, Switzerland: We will create a civilization of the Mind in Cyberspace. May it be more humane and fair than the world your governments have made before. A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace. John Perry Barlow. Davos, Switzerland. February 8, 1996.6 This notion talks about that even though the government may be unfair to the world but in Cyberspace the i nternet aims to create a humane and a fair situation for everyone. Getting a reality check into this thought we know that it is not possible but with these cyber laws it may be possible to get one step closer to achieving this dream of a utopian mass society in cyberspace. However before jumping to conclusions based on the above statement it will be fruitful to jump into the detailed study of the cyber laws of India to get a deep insight. 5 Avish Bajaj was the owner of a shopping website on which some obscene mms clipping was posted and he was arrested. 6 https://www.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html research methodology: The researcher has primarily relied on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Observational/Applied Researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  methodology. This research is based on studying various articles, textbooks, legislations and cases to understand the cyber laws problem in India. Analytical and Critical methods are used as primary tools in this study to support the argumen ts of the researcher. objectives of study: To discuss the role of Indian cyber laws as an essential factor in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s society. To understand the vital role of laws in cyberspace and the factors which can exploit it. To study the inter relationship between the government and the laws in the country which revolve around it. To identify the limitations of the law and its shortcomings. To discuss whether the existing laws are adequate or they need to be made stricter. research questions: What is the basic aim of the Information Technology Amendment act? How binding is this act today in India? What are the different situations where this act can be used? What role does this act play in regulating cybercrimes in India? What are the shortcomings of this act? Are the existing laws adequate for safe cyber life? hypothesis: Information Technology Amendment Act 2010 is the primary source of cyber law in India. But this act is not implemented properly in India. There are huge shortcomings in the implementation of this act. Huge cyber-crimes are committed and still the criminals are not charged under this act. This act needs to be heavily revised and be implemented strictly. CHAPTERIZATION: Chapter one deals with the definition of Cyber law and its role in protecting the cyber space of India. Chapter two deals with the historical background of cyber laws and it also deals with its evolution over the years. Chapter three aims to establish the importance of technology and the various ways it can be exploited. Chapter four deals with the short-comings of the cyber law in India and various ways it can be exploited Chapter five sums up the entire research paper in the form of a well-structured conclusion and includes a few suggestions by the researcher. Literature Review 7 years of Indian Cyber Law Rohas Nagpal: This paper begins with a short outline of the various rules, regulations and orders that have been passed over the last 7 years. It then moves onto a brief discussion on the Indian law relating to cyber pornography and features the Avnish Bajaj (CEO of bazzee.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" now a part of the eBay group of companies) case. Cyber Crime Law in India: Has Law Kept Pace with Emerging Trends? An Empirical Study Nappinai, N. S: India got its first codified Act in the Information Technology Act (IT Act), in the year 2000. The scope of this paper is to highlight some important provisions of the cyber-criminal laws in India relating to data protection, privacy, encryption and other cybercrimes and the extent to which the said provisions arm the enforcement authorities to combat not just existing but emerging trends in Cyber Crime. PR Cyberspace à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Indian Perspective Rohas Nagpal: This book goes into the texhnical aspect of computers and clears various concepts along with new introduction to evolution of technology. It also states the jurisprudence of Indian Cyber Law. Cyber-Laws and Enforcement Ajmal Edappagath: The article talks about importance of trust and security on cyberspace. It goes into the scope and development of cyberlaws in India. It gives an insight in the future of the cyber law in the country. Cybercrimes Law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Dr. Amita Verma: This textbook talks mainly about cybercrimes and the laws revolving it. It describes various types of cybercrimes and the conceptual framework of the cyberspace. Various legal instances of cyberspace have been portrayed in this book. An Introduction to Cyber Law and Cyber Crime à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Dr. R.k. Chaubey: The part C of this textbook gives a detailed introduction of law in cyberspace along with challenges and conflicts revolving around it. It shines a light on the issue of jurisdiction of law in cyberspace along with critical analysis of the IT act 2000. Bibliography BOOKS: An Introduction to Cyber Law and Cyber Crime à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Dr. R.k. Chaubey Cybercrimes Law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Dr. Amita Verma CASES: Avnish Bajaj Vs. State (N.C.T.) of Delhi (2005)3CompLJ364 (Del), 116(2005) DLT427, 2005(79) DRJ576 ARTICLES: Ajmal Edappagath, Cyber-Laws and Enforcement, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad Volume 14, No. 3, December 2004. ONLINE MATERIALS: https://www.cccindia.co/corecentre/Database/Docs/DocFiles/india_cyber.pdf https://www.cyberlawsindia.net/cyber-india.html https://www.cyberlawsindia.net/Information-technology-act-of-india.html https://www.cccindia.co/corecentre/Database/Docs/DocFiles/india_cyber.pdf https://dict.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/attachments/cyber_crime/7_years_of_India Cyber_Law.pdf Page 1 [1] https://www.cccindia.co/corecentre/Database/Docs/DocFiles/india_cyber.pdf 2 https://www.cyberlawsindia.net/Information-technology-act-of-india.html) 3 https://dict.mizoram.gov.in/uploads/attachments/cyber_crime/7_years_of_Indian_Cyber_Law.pdf 4 https://www.cyberlawsindia.net/cyber-india.html

IKEA Global Sourcing Challenge Indian Rugs and Child Labor

Proposal Case: IKEA Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor Summary In this case, it is known that IKEA s procurement model is the mode of global sourcing. IKEA products are shipped to the 26 distribution centres from the trade area after procurement, and then delivered to the shopping malls in the world. IKEA s procurement philosophy and assessment of suppliers mainly include four aspects: continuous price improvement; strict supplier performance and service levels; good quality and healthy products; and environmental and social responsibility (IKEA Sustainability Report 2011). In the aspect of social responsibility, IKEA does not accept child labour, but also actively prevents the use of child labour†¦show more content†¦In addition, the communication of corporate social responsibility is crucial. It can maintain the attractiveness of IKEA for a new generation of partners. IKEA hopes that the partners in dealing with corporate social responsibility can show independence, but the ability to realize this issue will have to depend on the empl oyees’ management level (Maon and Swaen, 2006). Through this initiative, colleagues at all levels can increase the awareness of corporate social responsibility, so as to achieve the purpose of incentives. Key learning Corporate social responsibility is developed since the 1990s, which is a turning point of corporate social responsibility. IKEA is also in accordance with some of the pressure in this community to adjust its operating way on the requirements of the enterprise. IKEA s business is constructed in the price and quality environment and work environment (Maon et al., 2007). With regard to a supply and demand model of corporate social responsibility (CSR), it’s assumed that a firm’s size, level of diversification, research and development (RD), advertising, government sales, consumer income, labour market conditions, and stage in the industry life cycle could estimate the firm’s standard of CSR (McWilliams and Siegel, 2001). IKEA as a large multinational Corporation with 26 distribution centres and emphasis on RD andShow MoreRelatedIkea s Global Sourcing Challenge Indian Rugs And Child Labor1532 Words   |  7 PagesIKEA’S GLOBAL SOURCING CHALLENGE INDIAN RUGS A ND CHILD LABOR In 1995, Marianne Barner, IKEA’s manager for carpets, faced a difficult situation when one of their Indian rug supplier apparently was involved with the use of child labor in the manufacture of its products for IKEA. Even though they had a contract where IKEA explicitly forbid the use of child labor. 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How should Marianne Barner respond to the invitation for IKEA to have a representativeRead MoreIkeas Global Sourcing Challenge2533 Words   |  11 PagesIKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labor (A) Case Synopsis IKEA is a â€Å"privately held, international home products company that designs and sells ready-to-assemble furniture such as beds and desks, appliances and home accessories† (www.worldisyouroyster.com). The company was established in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad in Sweden when he was just 17 years old. Kamprad himself, who still owns the private company, is rumored to be the world’s richest man. IKEA is currently the world

Internationalization Strategies Free Essays

string(87) " largest South Korean conglomerates operating across a wide range of business sectors\." Introduction In early days of civilization, people in most of the cultures and societies across the globe use to live in families, growing their own food, making their own clothes and supporting their lives through various other self made goods. Then the population of the world increased, and production and distribution of goods began to improve. This advanced the dependence of people on others for making some products. We will write a custom essay sample on Internationalization Strategies or any similar topic only for you Order Now This dependence intensified further with people becoming specialized in producing certain products and doing certain works. This specialization and dependence formed the basics of the modern business system. Like people within a society who are dependent upon each other for some products and services, countries are dependent upon each other too. Countries across the globe have different specialization over others in producing certain products and services. Countries are either innately specialized in some areas due to their natural resources and geographical features, or achieve their specialization over some time with due diligence in some areas. However, despite achieving a certain level of economic independence, even some of the most developed countries in the world depend upon other nations for some products or services. For instance, most of the coffee consumed in US comes from Brazil, while Japan depends on other nations for most of its oil. The business activities that facili tate the exchange of products and services among different nations is referred to as International Business. The growth of international business (internationalization or global business) reflects the phenomenon of globalization. While a wide range of academic literature indicates that internationalization and globalization is advantageous, expansion of businesses across countries involves considerable challenges and difficulties (e.g. Kacker, 1986). These challenges and difficulties underscore the importance of an international business strategy specifically aimed at determining a favourable international market for expansion, choosing a viable market entry strategy, and formulating relevant business level strategies to steer the expanded business towards success. This essay evaluates the international business strategy of two retail giants Wal-Mart and Tesco. Considering the enormity of the subject of international business, this essay narrows its focus towards evaluating the international business strategy of these firms in context of South Korea. Global Retail Food Environment The global retail food industry has been enjoying a steady growth over the past few decades. It was estimated to be worth USD2, 000 billion by the year 2010 (Euromonitor, 2009). The retail food industry is mainly dominated by large hypermarket and supermarket retail chains with smaller businesses such as luxury foods retailers, and independent convenient stores having a very small market share (Euromonitor, 2009). It creates a favourable situation for some of the world’s biggest supermarket chains such as Carrefour, Wal-mart and Tesco, to pursue international expansion. The global retail food industry is increasingly being consolidated by some of these major market players. Wal-Mart and Tesco, both having considerable resources at their disposal, are in a sound position to expand their businesses to favourable overseas market. Among many emerging markets, South Korea is certainly a big opportunity for any such supermarket chain. FDI Strategy of the Host Market The foremost objective of an international business strategy of a company is to assess the favourability of the foreign direct investment strategy of a new market. Foreign companies usually take on resource and capital intensive projects of large scale and are thus concerned with the level of support afforded to them by host governments. The host governments, on the other hand look for benefits of the spill over effect of technological and capital influx brought by the foreign firms (Conyon et al., 1999). Historically, the economy of South Korea has been a closed one especially in terms of retail operations. It was not until 1988, that foreign ownership of a retail establishment was allowed in South Korea. In 1988, the government of South Korea initiated a number of 3-year open-up plans aiming to enhance the efficiency and productivity of the local retail sector. The foremost plan which was implemented in 1989 allowed for the establishment of subsidiaries of foreign companies in South Korea. The second plan of the open-up policy enabled foreign retailers to set up stores within a limited size of 1,000 sq m (Retail 360, 2012). The final plan of the open-up initiative further relaxed the number and size of retail outlets that could be owned by foreign companies. In 1993, foreign companies were allowed to open up as many as 20 retail stores with a maximum size of 3,000 sq m. However, it was in 1996, that the FDI policy for the South Korean industry was completely liberalized allowing foreign supermarket giants to expand their international business operations in earnest. Sensing this opportunity, both Wal-Mart and Tesco entered the South Korean market almost at the same time; with both adopting different international business strategies (Retail 360, 2012). Market Entry Strategy Upon liberalization of the South Korean market, Wal-Mart attempted to make its way into the new market by building its own stores in remote urban areas of the South Korean cities where real estate prices were relatively lower than the main commercial centres. It was a clear replication of Wal-Mart’s US strategy of smaller-city store build-up. Wal-Mart succeeded in opening up a total of only 16 stores in all of South Korea; with having only one store in the Seoul metropolitan area. With this, the company failed to achieve the economies of scale. Wal-Mart anticipated that the Korean consumers, like those in the US, would drive to its remotely located stores for bulk price shopping. However, this location strategy proved to be contrary to the South Korean consumers’ lifestyle and shopping behaviours. Korean consumers preferred buying smaller units of goods more frequently and thus favoured accessibility to a store more over bulk price buying (Retail 360, 2012). Unlike Wal-Mart, Tesco took a more gradual path of market entry. Tesco entered the South Korean market through a joint venture with Samsung. Samsung is one of the largest South Korean conglomerates operating across a wide range of business sectors. You read "Internationalization Strategies" in category "Essay examples" With this market entry strategy, Tesco benefited from Samsung’s knowledge and know-how of local market and consumers behaviours whilst limiting its focus upon transferring its core retailing skills to the South Korean market. Tesco did not try to replicate its British version of retail business in the new market. Tesco gradually increased its stake in its joint venture until it acquired 95% of its stake (Retail 360, 2012). Firm Size and Internationalization Management literature prescribes four fundamental business strategies and their coinciding business models for firm operating internationally. These are: Multinational organizational strategy: It resembles a ‘decentralized federation’, wherein each of the foreign subsidiaries of an organization can adapt the company’s products and services and even business strategies, to meet the local requirements of its international destinations. The head offices of those companies adhering to this strategy presumably maintain only financial controls over its subsidiaries. International organizational strategy: This type of strategy resembles a ‘coordinated federation’ wherein the head office of a business is determined to transfer its knowledge, expertise and technology to its subsidiaries in new markets. The subsidiaries is foreign markets depend upon the headquarters for developing products and services, processes and ideas; although some tasks and authorities are decentralized. The subsidiaries enjoy some autonomy regarding policies and business level strategies. Global organizational strategy: This strategy essentially forms a ‘central hub’ wherein the centre has a stringent focus upon marketing standardized product and services across the globe through a predefined unified strategy. The head office observes a tight control over all the business activities with foreign subsidiaries being strictly confined to the implementation of the policies and procedures of the head office. Their task remains to provide only sales and service. Transnational organizational model: It resembles an ‘integrated network’ wherein ideas and information flows both ways from the head office to the subsidiary and vice versa. This strategy is prevalent in knowledge organizations and information technology firms and knowledge organizations. (Kairimi and Konsynski, 1991; Hill, 2003; Johnson and Turner, 2003) Considering the above theory, business strategy of Wal-Mart in South Korea can be described as being of ‘global organizational strategy’. Wal-Mart, which entered South Korea in 1996, disappointed South Korean customers by sticking to its Western marketing strategies. The company insisted upon focusing more on dry goods, ranging from clothing to electronics, just like its American stores, while its rivals focused more on selling food and beverages which according to experts attracts South Korean customers to hypermarkets/supermarkets. Moreover, Wal-Mart stores followed their traditional store design, making them look too simpler in appearance than its local rivals. Its store simplicity was further marked by its display strategy in wherein it sold its products in boxes, while most of its rivals built eye-catching display with clerks appealing to customers over megaphones and through hand clapping like a traditional street market (Sang-Hun, 2006 a). For instance, Wal-Mart d isplayed fish wrapped in cellophane, disregarding the South Korean custom of buying fresh fish (alive in tanks). Furthermore, by applying US standards to its stores in South Korea, the company failed to alleviate various difficulties faced by its customers. For instance, adhering to the US standards, the height of the shelves at Wal-Mart stores was too high for short South Koreans (Sang-Hun, 2006 b). Meanwhile, the business strategy of Tesco, can be described as that of a ‘multinational organization’. The South Korean subsidiary of Tesco operates with complete autonomy in terms of its business strategy and approach, following an organizational structure of a decentralized federation. This approach is evident from the company’s articulated ‘Homeplus’ stores, which have relatively different features than those of Tesco’s home country stores. The chairperson of the company’s South Korean division appears to formulate and execute its business strategy with a stern local perspective; a key constituent for the business’s success in South Korea. The most critical challenge for any company undergoing international expansion is to take into account the cultural differences between its home and foreign market (see Hofstede, 1991, 2001).From the case of Wal-Mart in South Korea, it is evident that cultural habits and preferences play the most crucial role in determining the success or failure of a retail food business. In order to overcome this challenge, Tesco adopted a strategy to run its South Korean business in a strictly localized way. Pertaining to this strategy, the company employs a large number of local staff, even at its top most managerial positions. For instance, in 2008, out of its 23000 employees, only four of them were British; one of them being the regional director while the others were positioned at middle management (Davey, 2009). This strategy has proved to be very successful of Tesco. According to Martin Uden, the British ambassador to South Korea, the success of Tesco in South Korea is attributed to its stra tegy to run the business like a local one. He states that Tesco is just using its general retailing skills to run the company with a Korean approach (Davey, 2009). The company’s Homeplus format of stores is another reflection of its multinational business strategy. The Homeplus format stores are regarded as highly popular cultural centres as they facilitate community education within the premises of the hypermarkets. Overall, Homeplus stores in South Korea have more than 650 classes being conducted simultaneously to a school term in numerous subjects such as English and Chinese, Cookery and Ballet among others. In South Korea, sending children to private tuitions after school hours (called as ‘hakwons’) is a common practice. The provision of community education where children attend regular classes while their mothers occasionally accompany them for shopping is a highly successful approach. Apart from this, the Homeplus format offer sitting, resting and play areas for children. Moreover, instant snacks such as noodles and others are served at the corners of various aisles throughout the stores (Davey, 2009). South Koreans value the street market shopping experience along with the convenience of a hypermarket offered by Homeplus store. Such customer-focused approach which has been very popular in South Korea is achieved by the company’s overall international business strategy. Conclusion The opening up of South Korean market and its favourable FDI policies paved way for the international expansion of large multinational retail chains within the South Korean market. Wal-Mart chose to enter the new market with complete ownership of its subsidiaries, anticipating its success based on its homeland experience. Meanwhile, Tesco treaded the new water more carefully by choosing to enter the new market through joint venture, and gradually increasing its stake in the business. The international business strategy of Wal-Mart and Tesco differed starkly in regard to the South Korean market, with the former adopting a standardized approach, adhering to a global organizational strategy while the latter following a customized approach for the expansion in South Korea, adhering to a multinational business strategy. The standardized approach adopted by Wal-Mart failed to deliver the level of success desired by the company, leading to its ultimate exit from the South Korean market in the year 2006. Tesco, on the other hand, continued to progress and succeed in its South Korean market, acquiring a 95% stake in its joint venture with Samsung. It can be concluded that when there are stark cultural differences within the home country and the new target market, a multinational firm should best adhere to a multinational organizational strategy rather than adhering to a standard global strategy for international business. This is not to say that this perspective is the si ngle factor behind the success and failure of Tesco and Wal-Mart in South Korea. Various other factors usually intertwine to determine the success or failure of a firm in an international market. However, this perspective can be considered as the leading cause behind it. References Conyon, S. Girma, M. Thompson, S., Wright P. (1999). The Impact of Foreign Acquisition on Wages and Productivity in the UK; Centre for Research on Globalisation and Labour Markets, School of Economics, University of Nottingham Czinkota, M., Ronkainen, I. and Moffett., H (2005) â€Å"International Business†, Wiley. Davey, J. (2009) Tesco enjoys a Korea break with Homeplus. The Sunday Time {online} http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/business/article183991.ece (cited on 28th December, 2012) Euromonitor, (2009)Euromonitor International {online} http://www.euromonitor.com/ (cite on 9th August, 2012) Hill, (2003) in Lan, C. (2005) â€Å"Global Information Society: Operating Information Systems In A Dynamic Global Business Environment†, Idea Group Inc Johnson, D. and Turner, C. (2003), â€Å"International Business: themes and issues in the modern global economy†, Routledge Kairimi and Konsynski (1991) in Lan, C. (2005) â€Å"Global Information Society: Operating Information Systems In A Dynamic Global Business Environment†, Idea Group Inc Mckinsey Quarterly (2002) Taking Tesco global: David Reid, deputy chairman of Tesco, the United Kingdom’s largest grocer (2002), explains his international strategy. {online} http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Strategy/Globalization/Taking_Tesco_global_1221 (cited on 28th December, 2012) Retail 360, (2012) Korean retail therapy for foreign chains Tesco , Wal-mart and Carrefour International Retail Consultants {online} http://retail360uk.wordpress.com/2012/05/27/korean-retail-therapy-for-foreign-chains-tesco-wal-mart-and-carrefour/ (cited on 28th December, 2012) Sang-Hun, C. (2006 a) Wal-Mart quitting South Korea {online} http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/23/business/worldbusiness/23shop.html?_r=0 (cited on 28th December, 2012) Sang-Hun, C. (2006 b) Wal-Mart quitting South Korea {online} http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/22/business/worldbusiness/22iht-won.html?_r=0 (cited on 28th December, 2012) How to cite Internationalization Strategies, Essay examples

Accounting Software Packages of Fortescue-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Use of Accounting Software Packages in your Chosen Company. Answer: Introduction: The assignment studies the importance and application of accounting software in a Australian company. The paper considers Fortescue, the Australian metal company as the base of study. It is divided into two parts each divided into four subparts. The first part delves into the organisational structure, its software acquisition method, its sales process and control problems it face in operating the softwares. The second part deals with development of accounting software, its current market size, leading software companies and recommendations to them to help the customers acquire these software more easily. Organisation structure: Fortescue Metal Group follows a tall structure led by the CEO and the board of directors. that the organisation structure is led by the apex board chief executive officer, chairman of the board, lead director and four other directors. The second layer of management consists of the chief financial officer, corporate affairs and secretary, finance and secretary, director of business development, director corporate services, external relations, sales and marketing and operations. The second stratum of management reports directly to the chief financial officer. The third layer of management consists of group manager Fortescue people and group manager, health and safety. The second and the third line of management people are led by the chief executive officer (Fortescue Metals Group Ltd., 2017). Operational problems Fortescue can likely face due to its organisational structure: Fortescue Metal Group owing to its tall organisational structure of can face several operational problems like lack of dynamism in decision making and execution. Zakrzewska-Bielawska(2016) states that CEOs in the manufacturing companies perceive the impact of organisational structure and strategies on each while making decisions. Bridges and Bridges (2017) state that complex organisational structure prevents dynamic decision in manufacturing organisations which impedes fast operations. The next operational problem faced by Fortescue due to its complex and tall organisational structure is in the area of accounting. Wu(2013) states that the complex accounting processes of the manufacturing companies of two types, production activities consisting of transactions which are directly related to production of goods and non production expenses which refer to transactions committed towards supporting activities. Christopher(2016) states that manufacturing companies need to maintain and account for a large number of transactions relating to their complex supply chain management. This complex accounting procedure and vast expanse of business requires prompt decision making from the management and the CFO. However, the tall organisational structure of Fortescue and its bureaucratic layout impedes smooth decision making which often result in loss of business opportunities. This analysis shows that tall and complex organisational structure of Fortescue creates problems in smooth operations and decision making. Most likely system acquisition method: Fortescue uses Tax Monster as its accounting software which is a commercially available Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP) software (taxmonster.com.au 2017). The company is an iron ore mining and iron articles manufacturing company which engages in several types of transactions. The transactions are of two types, production related or productive expenditure and the non productive transaction which are not related to production activities. Laudon and Laudon (2016) state that ERP accounting software packages like Tax Monster help the manufacturing companies integrate their complex transactions pertaining to both the categories of flow of capital into and out of the organisations. Leon (2014) states that these software packages help in ERP planning of in manufacturing planning and helps the concerned departments integrate the accounting transactions and use them to form decisions like allocation of resources to areas of operations and production. A system flowchart of the sales procedures at Fortescue: The system flowchart shown below outlines the sales procedure followed at manufactirng companies like Fortescue. The sales process at Fortescue starts when clients place the purchase order(PO) stating the particulars and requirements like specifications of the product, expected characteristics in the finished product, quantity and so on. When the sales department acquires the orders and the Pos, it enters the particulars in the prescribed internal format and gets it approved by the clients. The contact agent then reviews the order and sees whether the terms of sale are according to the policies of the company, lawful and so on. If the contacts agent finds that the particulars of the order are accurate, the shipment department processes the order and the finished goods are shipped. If the orders are not according to the requirements, the agents requests approval from the management or the concerned person at Fortescue. If the authorised person approves the order, the contact agents to o approves it and the order is processed by the logistics departments for shipment. The accounts departments records the transactions in both these cases as sale of articles. If the authorised person does not approve the order, the agent cancels the order and it is not shipped. The sales department or the customer care department notifies the customer about the cancellation of orders from the side of Fortescue Figure 1. Figure showing sales processes (Source: Author) Control problem in the system and possible frauds in the system: Ismail and King (2014) states the manufacturing companies face certain control problems while using accounting software. The accounting softwares are very costly and require heavy investments in controlling and maintaining them. Tax Monsters charges around $500 for company tax returns filing using its software whereas book keeping services cost around $ 40. Thus, it is evident from the discussion that though the account software packages are designed to meet the varied accounting requirements of the big companies, the services the offered are charged spate which adds to the costs of the company to control, update and use them. According to Alrabghi and Tiwari (2015), the next control problem of accounting software is that they maintenance is very complex. The integrated accounting softwares are connected to other system softwares in the companies like HR software and admin software. Thus, upgradation of these accounting softwares lead to changes in the related softwares which makes controlling and maintenance extremely complex. Asllani and Naco (2014) state that the accounting software are susceptible to accounting frauds like inappropriate and exaggerated accounting entries. Thus the management of manufacturing companies like Fortescue cannot depend on the accounting results shown by these softwares which makes decisions making difficult. Biener, Eling and Wirfs (2015) supports the view of Asllani and Naco and points out to the biggest threats to accounting softwares and the companies using them, cyber security and data theft. They state that cyber security results in massive losses to companies like loss of crucial data which are interrelated, unauthorised accession into the companys financial data and so on. Thus, it can be inferred from the discussion that the three problems faced by the accounting software in companies are difficulty in maintenance, high expenditure, frauds and cyber threats. Development and adoption of the accounting software packages: Gereffi and Fernandez-Stark (2016) stated that development and accounting software packages led to integration of accounting works in the companies. The introduction of Turbo Cash in 1987 in South Africa which automated the system if preparing trial balance, balance sheet and income statement. Ryan(2017) states that around the same time IBM launched personal computers which made preparation of trial balance in form of spread sheets using Lotus 123 accounting software. IBM brought about the system of continuous upgradation by the companies using the accounting software packages. Taipaleenmki and Ikheimo (2013) points out that today companies adopt technology backed software packages which allow them to integrate all the activities in the company involving flows of financial capital like payment of salary and purchase of raw materials to form financial statements. Tayeh, Al-Jarrah and Tarhini(2015) point out that this adoption of technology based accounting software packages help the c ompanies to measure their standard of business excellent at any given point of time and facilitate formation of business strategies based on these results. Market size of accounting software packages: The account software package market size is growing at about a rate of 6 percent with the new accounting software packages being introduced. The growing demand of more integrated softwares which allow the companies to incorporate the financial transactions of all their departments is driving innovation and upgradation in the software package market(technavio.com 2017). The companies today are ready of invest in advanced softwares which can help the accounts departments to record transactions like loan applications, online sales, stock and commodity in hand and recruitment of human resources. Warren, Reeve and Duchac (2013) state that these integrated recording of diverse transactions help the management to forecast future requirements of materials, capital and human resorces. The accounting recordings are today are linked to the knowledge data bases of the companies and can be used by the authorised employees to make decisions. Ryan (2017) states that the accounting software market i s geographically segmented into markets like the American market, the Australian market, the Asian market and the European market. These markets are experiencing emergence of requirements of new types of accounting software to meet the business requirements of the companies in these markets. This growing need, technological advancement, continuous innovation and new accounting software packages are encouraging dynamic growth of the market of accounting software packages. The entry of multinational companies and their continuous innovation have led to the market of accounting software become very profitable and competitive. Leader in the accounting software package market and their competitive advantages: Oracle: Oracle manufactures Net Suit accounting software which integrates stock management, warehouse management, accounting and financial management. The software driven by advanced technology also facilitates customer management. These wide varieties of functions all integrated into one software is the main competitive advantage of Oracles Netsuit. The largest competitive advantage of Oracle which has made the company a leader in accounting software its software license and support services to the users(oracle.com 2017). Fishbowl Manufacturing: The Fishbowl is an Utah based inventory management software manufacturing company which manufactures the accounting software called Fishbowl Manufacturing. The software provides platform for business automation and electronic inventory management facilities. The competitive advantage of Fishbowl is that it is one of the largest inventory management softwares manufactured internationally. The software helps the companies to control their material requirement, forecast their material requirement in the future, manage office floor, customised inventory reporting and manufacturing process monitoring(fishbowlinventory.com 2017). The current gaps or challenges encountered by users and recommendations: Costly: The current gaps in the software packages are that they are very costly and requires huge continuous investment to install and update them. this high expenditure limit the small companies from installing accounting softwares which affects their accounting operations. Limited external integration: The second gap in the accounting software is that though they integrate the internal operations like inventory management and acquisition of assets with the company, they are not advanced to integrate the external financial transactions like withdrawal of money from the banks. This requires the companies to incorporate bank transactions separately the accounting statements which is very time consuming. Recommendations: The following recommendations can be made to the software companies to increase the utility of the software packages to the companies and customers using them: The software packages should be offered at more reasonable and low prices. This will help the customers to install and upgrade these packages at lower prices which will lead to save of capital. This lowering of the prices will encourage even the small companies to install accounting software. The accountings software should be advanced so that they are directly able to obtain data from important financial statements like bank statements and loan statements. This will help the companies using them maintain better financial control. Conclusion: It can be summed up that accounting software packages have revolutionised accounting in companies. They have led to integration of the various fields like inventory management, floor management and so on. However, the accounting software manufacturing companies should offer software at more affordable rates References: Alrabghi, A. and Tiwari, A., 2015. State of the art in simulation-based optimisation for maintenance systems.Computers Industrial Engineering,82, pp.167-182. Asllani, A. and Naco, M., 2014. Using Benfords Law for Fraud Detection in Accounting Practices.Journal of Social Science Studies,2(1), p.129. Biener, C., Eling, M. and Wirfs, J.H., 2015. Insurability of cyber risk: An empirical analysis.The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance Issues and Practice,40(1), pp.131-158. Bridges, W. and Bridges, S., 2017.Managing transitions: Making the most of change. Da Capo Press. Christopher, M., 2016.Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Fortescue Metals Group Ltd. 2017. Executive Team. [online] Available at: https://fmgl.com.au/about-fortescue/executive-team/ [Accessed 21 Aug. 2017]. Gereffi, G. and Fernandez-Stark, K., 2016. Global value chain analysis: a primer. Global Business Accounting Software Market 2017-2021 | Market Research Reports - Industry Analysis Size Trends - Technavio. (2017). Technavio.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017, from https://www.technavio.com/report/global-enterprise-application-global-business-accounting-software-market-2017-2021 Gordon, E.A., Raedy, J.S. and Sannella, A.J., 2016.Intermediate Accounting. Pearson. Ismail, N.A. and King, M., 2014. Factors influencing the alignment of accounting information systems in small and medium sized Malaysian manufacturing firms.Journal of Information Systems and Small Business,1(1-2), pp.1-20. Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P., 2016.Management information system. Pearson Education India. Leon, A., 2014.Enterprise resource planning. McGraw-Hill Education. Manufacturing Software. 2017. Fishbowlinventory.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017, from https://www.fishbowlinventory.com/solutions/manufacturing/ Online Tax Returns - From Only $49.95* - Ph1300 829 666 - Tax Monster Accountant - Professional Affordable Tax Agent CPA Accounting Firm - Australia Wide. (2017). Accountant Bookkeeper - Fortescue WA 6716 | Tax Monster. [online] Available at: https://taxmonster.com.au/accountant-tax-agents-bookkeeping-bookkeeper/Fortescue-6716/ [Accessed 21 Aug. 2017]. Oracle | Integrated Cloud Applications and Platform Services. (2017). Oracle.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017, from https://www.oracle.com/ Ryan, E. (2017). THE EVOLUTION OF ACCOUNTING SOFTWARE: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE GAA Accounting. Gaaaccounting.com. Retrieved 21 August 2017, from https://www.gaaaccounting.com/the-evolution-of-accounting-software-past-present-and-future/ Taipaleenmki, J. and Ikheimo, S., 2013. On the convergence of management accounting and financial accountingthe role of information technology in accounting change.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,14(4), pp.321-348. Tayeh, M., Al-Jarrah, I.M. and Tarhini, A., 2015. Accounting vs. market-based measures of firm performance related to information technology investments. Warren, C.S., Reeve, J.M. and Duchac, J., 2013.Financial managerial accounting. Cengage Learning. Wu, J.Z., 2013. Inventory write-down prediction for semiconductor manufacturing considering inventory age, accounting principle, and product structure with real settings.Computers Industrial Engineering,65(1), pp.128-136. Zakrzewska-Bielawska, A., 2016. Perceived mutual impact of strategy and organizational structure: Findings from the high-technology enterprises.Journal of Management Organization,22(5), pp.599-622.

Why Accountability Is Important Essay Example

Why Accountability Is Important Essay Why Accountability Is Important It is important to note first, what accountability is. I will state why it is important as well as go over scenarios in dealing with accountability. Accountability means being liable to being called to account; answerable. A good military definition of the word would be and usually means to be liable for paperwork and or property, and personnel; usually of lesser grade and rank. When dealing with army leadership and duties; being a soldier and or a leader means being accountable for what you do or don’t do as well as implied duties and responsibilities. As a leader, being one means to be accountable not only for one’s actions, but for the actions of the soldiers for which you are assigned. One is to be accountable for equipment that is assigned to one’s-self as well. The department of defense states and defines accountability to be an obligation imposed by law or lawful order or regulation on an officer or other person for keeping accurate record of property, documents, or funds. The person having this obligation may or may not have actual possession of the property, documents, or funds. Accountability is concerned primarily with records, while responsibility is concerned primarily with custody, care, and safe-keeping. But again, let us not get the definitions confused. The term accountability differs from the term of responsibility. There is a big difference. There are reporting procedures and processes for recording and accounting for personnel and equipment. There are different types and ways of reporting within different sizes and types of elements of a command. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Accountability Is Important specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why Accountability Is Important specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why Accountability Is Important specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are also ways in which one will report to one who is in a designated duty position and or of higher rank and grade within different elements of commands. The ways in which a soldier may report can be orally or written in order to account for property, equipment, and or personnel. Soldiers must always be accountable for their actions. For every action there is a reaction. Soldiers are to be held to accountable for their actions because they represent the United States of America within the states as well as overseas in other parts of the world. Sometimes, we are the only source of information as to how people may think what our behavior is and how all other Americans may behave in their own country based off of even one soldier’s sole actions whether negative or positive. We must be accountable for what we do or don’t do. If we, as soldiers, are assigned a task that is to be completed, but we fail and do not get it accomplished, then we have to account and answer for it. If we lose a piece of equipment, it becomes lost or destroyed, we have to be held accountable for it and solve the problem to correct the situation however it may need to be corrected. Mission readiness is the answer to why accountability is so important. We must accomplish the mission at all costs with the least amount of loss whether it be soldiers or equipment. Without all of the soldiers or equipment present the mission may not be able to be accomplished. Even if only one soldier or piece of equipment is not present the mission may not be fully capable of being accomplished as the lack of either one would be detrimental to the mission. If a piece of equipment or a soldier is not on time at the start or finish of a mission, it may determine the outcome of the mission in regards to it being accomplished and a success or not. Either way, to be accountable for the pieces of equipment or the lack of soldiers present means providing an answer to someone else whom will have to be accountable for them to another. One will wish to know why a mission was not accomplished. A superior ranking individual will wish to know for sure. One who is accountable must have an answer. If we are not held accountable for our actions then someone else takes the blame or we never except responsibility for them and may become a pattern. If this happens, then we cannot correct the problem that causes the accountability error from the start. This would be due to a cognitive lethargic display of thought processes and or apathy. If it is not the sole cause, but a contributing factor then other problems that affect a soldiers or leaders life may be the main causal factor in not being held accountable for their actions. Someone is always accountable and answerable to the next one in a chain of command. When the answer is needed, an entire chain of command as to why and how a mission did not attain a status of successful or completed, it affects the entire chain of command and the army itself when you really think about it. One could debate about it in regards to the butterfly effect; or the chaos theory. The theory that one small move such as the flap of a butterfly wing or a car accident effects all of us on a world-wide level even though it may seem miniscule in nature. Leaders must be accountable for discipline, leadership, and training of the soldiers. While soldiers are accountable for their actions, equipment, and sometimes when directed, the actions of others; so are leaders for their subordinates actions and so forth up the chain of command. This is all an example of accountability. If we did not have this accountability in process as a standard in the United States Army then we would not be the successful fighting force that we are today. Leaders are under the most stress as they are held accountable for more actions than their soldiers. They are also responsible for training and mentorship of soldiers. They must lead and develop them to become better soldiers and future leaders themselves. Leaders have many duties and responsibilities that they must be accountable for. Keeping accountability of not only people, but equipment also helps cut down on waste. Fraud waste and abuse is a big deal in the army as there are rules and regulations to address these concerns within the army as it is written doctrine. Do you have any idea how much it would cost to replace all the equipment and people lost if leaders simply never noticed they were gone and constantly had to replace them? One of the United States militarys biggest concerns is to never leave a man behind, dead or alive. It is perhaps this knowledge that they will never be left which keeps many troops confident in their job. How hard would you fight if you knew that your life was expendable and should you go missing, you would be written off and forgotten? I know for myself that I would not fight very hard if nobody cared about me in general. Accountability is one of those ways to show subordinates that you do care about them. Others may look at it in a negative way. They may say that, â€Å"Man, he is always on my case about where I am and this and that†, but this is a way to know that one is being cared for. Knowing where items and troops are keeps superiors able to know what can be accomplished and planned as far as missions and tasks. How could a plan be carried out to its full potential if the equipment type and capability and an account for soldiers is not known as well? It would be impossible to get an accurate account in order to plan with without knowledge of this information. Having an account of this information also keeps the army nformed of how many more or less soldiers are needed to accomplish a mission or task. There is paperwork to be processed to help keep accountability for all of the personnel and equipment within any given unit or command group. If property is lost damaged or stolen, one will be held accountable for those issues in regards to them as well. If there is an investigation on the soldier(s) or piece(s) of e quipment, CID will be in charge and held accountable for the investigation. Everyone plays a part in accountability on some level, one way or the other.

Comprehensive Classroom Management Plan

Comprehensive Classroom Management Plan A Comprehensive Classroom Management Plan is critical for the success of a teacher in any kind of classroom. Still, a poorly organized resource room or self-contained classroom will be just as unproductive and chaotic as a general education classroom without a behavior rudder-perhaps more so. Too long, teachers have relied on being the biggest, the loudest or a bully to control misbehavior. Many children with disabilities have learned that disruptive behavior will help them avoid the embarrassment of revealing to their peers that they cant read, or that they get the answers wrong more often than not. Creating a well ordered and successful classroom is important for all children. Shy or well-behaved children need to know that they will be safe. Disruptive students need to have the structure that will support their best behavior and learning, not their worst behavior. Classroom Management: A Legal Obligation Because of lawsuits, states have created legislation that requires teachers to provide progressive discipline plans for students. Creating a safe educational environment is more than something nice, it is a legal responsibility as well as important to retaining employment. Being proactive is the best way to be sure that you can meet this important obligation. A Comprehensive Plan For a plan to truly be successful, it needs to: Provide clarity about expectations. This begins with rules but needs to continue with teaching. Routines or procedures also provide clarity about expectations.Recognize and reward appropriate behavior. This can be provided through Positive Behavior Support.Sanction and provide consequences for unacceptable behavior. In order to assure that a plan provides each of these things, it will also require all of the following. Reinforcement: Sometimes the term consequence is used for positive as well as negative outcomes. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) uses the term reinforcement. Reinforcement can be intrinsic, social or physical. Reinforcement can be designed to support replacement behavior, though in a class-wide system you may want to offer a menu of reinforcers, and let students select things they find reinforcing. Put food items on the bottom of the elementary reinforcement menu, so you can white out those items if your school/district has policies against using food for reinforcement. If you have students with really difficult behaviors, a sandwich bag of popcorn is often enough to keep them working for long periods of time independently. Reinforcement Systems: These plans can support a whole class in positive behavior plans: Token Systems: Tokens can be points, chips, stickers or other ways to record students successes. You need to find the best way to communicate immediately when students have earned tokens toward the reinforcers of their choice.A Lottery System: Catch students being good and give them tickets that are good for a drawing. I like the red tickets you can buy for carnivals, and kids like them too.The Marble Jar: a jar or another way to accumulate the whole classes success toward a group prize (a field trip, a pizza party, a movie day) will help provide a visual reminder of rewards: it also helps you remember to sprinkle praise generously around your classroom. Consequences: A system of negative outcomes to prevent unacceptable behaviors. As part of a progressive discipline plan, you want to have consequences in place. Jim Fay, author of Parenting with Love and Logic, refers to natural consequences and logical consequences. Natural consequences are outcomes that flow automatically from behaviors. Natural consequences are the most powerful, but few of us would find them acceptable. The natural consequence of running into the street is getting hit by a car. The natural consequence of playing with knives is to get badly cut. Those are not acceptable. Logical consequences teach because they are logically connected to the behavior. A logical consequence of not completing work is losing recess time when work can be completed. A logical consequence of ruining a textbook is to pay for the book, or when that is difficult, to put in volunteer time to repay the school for lost resources. Consequences for a progressive discipline plan might include: A warning,The loss of part or all of recess,The loss of privileges, such as computer time,A letter home,Parent contact by phone,After School Detention, and/orSuspension or other administrative action as a last resort. Think Sheets can be used as part of your progressive plan, especially at that point when students lose all or part of their recess or other free time. Use them with care: for students who dont like to write may see writing as punishment. Having students write I will not talk in class 50 times has the same effect. Serious or Repetitive Behavior Problems Have an emergency plan and practice it if you are likely to have a student with serious behavior problems. Determine who should get a phone call if you need to remove children either because they are having a tantrum, or because their tantrums put their peers at risk. Students with disabilities should have Functional Behavioral Analysis, completed by the teacher or school psychologist, followed by a Behavior Improvement Plan created by the teacher and the Multiple Disciplinary Team (IEP Team). The plan needs to be disseminated to all the teachers who will have contact with the student.

Breathe

In, out, in, out, in, out—get out food, food to mouth, breathe in, out, mouth op—OW! My breathing rhythm during the second Varsity NorCal mountain biking race of the season was abruptly shattered by my cry of excruciating pain and fear. Gingerly, I tried to open my mouth again and quickly shut it with a moan. If I opened my jaw further than about a centimeter, an intense pain stabbed through the left joint of my jaw: it was locked almost completely shut. All-encompassing terror rose through me like so much floodwater, relentlessly filling me from head to toe until it felt like I couldn’t breathe. With this unfamiliarly overwhelming panic inundating my mind and blocking out every single rational thought, I felt myself slipping under into the realm of mentally being unable to finish the race. No. That feeling of slipping jolted and horrified me, shocking me back into my regular breathing rhythm—in, out, in, out†¦ Ever so slowly, I relaxed my jaw enough to drink a small amount of water and laboriously chew and swallow two energy shot blocks. Picking up my cadence to match the pace I had been cycling before, I headed into the third and final lap of the race, determined to finish what I had set out to do regardless of the level of my discomfort. During those last miles, however, I found my determination wavering. Every time the pain seemed to reach a new high and the fear would start to swell once again, the letters â€Å"DNF† (short for â€Å"did not finish†) flashed through my mind. I knew that despite the loss of points it would cause, my team wouldn’t blame me for bailing from the race; I was going through spasms of pain and panic every few minutes as my jaw alternated between being completely locked, and being unlocked but still tight. However, I also knew that I needed to finish what I had set out to do while I was still physically and mentally capable of doing so. Thusly, whenever the thought of not finishing the race entered into my mind, I quickly swept it away, recognizing my physical abilit y to race my bike to end as being largely unhindered, and refusing to let any mental weakness prevent me from crossing the finish line. And suddenly, seven grueling miles later, I was rounding the final turn of the course. I stood up on my bike and threw my whole body and mind into that last stretch, surging across the finish line as the third rider in my category before exiting the course and collapsing with exhaustion. Crossing that finish line gave me something far better than earning a place on the podium; it proved that I am able to avoid succumbing to fear, pain, doubt, or any other mental or physical limits. These limits have instead pushed me to improve in many areas of life, such as speaking at the SCTA Fall Leadership Conference this year as the co-president of my school’s GSA instead of buckling under societal pressures and hate. Rather than give in, I will continue to use these limits in order to learn, to grow, to accomplish—to cross the line of what I bel ieved to be possible.

First Trip to Mosque in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

First Trip to Mosque in America - Essay Example The carpet must be kept in a neat condition since Muslims should try to offer their prayers in the Mosque. In the middle of the Mosque, a large chandelier was suspended that is only opened during special occasions. Some pictures of the Makah and Medina (holy cities in Islam) are displayed in the front wall along with a digital clock. The microphone that is used by the Imam, a person appointed to lead the prayers, is situated underneath the clock. To the left, people can refer to a timetable of prayers on a bulletin board. Towards the end of the prayer hall, a partition is situated because sometimes women like to come and offer their prayers in the Mosque. Since, Islam strictly prohibits the mingling of both sexes; a partition is used to divide the men and women. The primary purpose of the Mosque is to allow Muslims to offer their prayers, or Salah. Salah is an Arabic term that is defined as connection. During Salah, Muslims get an opportunity to connect to God, thank him for his merc ies, and fulfill their mandatory duty as believers of Allah. Salah is held five times a day, whole year round, and as usual lead by the Imam. The Imam is the leader of Salah, and people are lined behind him rows upon rows. Most of the Imams are hafiz, a person who has memorized the holy Quran. Imams are required to dress in a religious code along with keeping a beard. Most Imams also specialize in reciting the Quran in their own unique voice. Since Muslims are obliged to pray five times a day, it is very beneficial for them to attend the prayers in the Mosque because they get rewarded twenty-seven times more. Muslim men should try to attend Mosques frequently, Friday, is a day that is reserved for all Muslim men to come and offer their prayers. When I visited during Friday, a great scholar from Pakistan came and delivered a great speech or sermon. His sermon was about Hajj, the holy pilgrimage Muslims are required to do if financially stable, and his words were both powerful and mov ing. The Friday ritual began around late afternoon with the services held at 1:30P.M. When Muslim men enter the mosque, they greet each other with an â€Å"Assalamu-Alaikum,† that translates to be â€Å"peace is upon you.† After greeting each other, they go to perform wudhu, which consists of washing the hands, feet, and mouth. Wudhu is an obligation on every Muslim because it is an act of purification, and is required before praying. After they are done performing wudhu, the men go in the main prayer hall and wait for the Imam to come. In the span of thirty minutes the day I visited, the Mosque was full with people waiting outside to get in.   The experience was profound because the scholar talked about the aspects of Hajj, and how it can bring all Muslims closer to Allah. He reminded the crowd that this life is short, and no one has any guarantee whether he can live the next day, so it is advisable to perform Hajj as soon as possible. In addition, he understood the fact that people get caught up in the worldly affairs, so he told his audience to take some time out for Islam. Furthermore, he read some verses from the Quran that talked about the fulfillments of Hajj. His concern was that most Muslims underestimate to requirement to perform Hajj, even though Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam. If a Muslim can not perform it due to financial circumstances, than he would not be held accountable for it. However, in recent years people have found reasons to excuse themselves from this

Mathematics IB Internal Assessment Research Paper

Mathematics IB Internal Assessment - Research Paper Example The shipping services and product business takes place along the Qatar Bahrain Causeway which links Bahrain and Qatar. This is the longest marine causeway in the world. The country, Bahrain has a very basic economy. Only 1 percent of Bahrain is arable, hence, the country cannot produce sufficient food to sustain its ever increasing population. Therefore, the entire population majorly relies on imports. The major employers in this country are commerce, industry, and services. These fields take up 79 percent of workers, while 20 percent has been absorbed by the government. Farmers make up the remaining 1 percent of the population. The country has distinctive cost difference in shipping and products across the world due to its island nature and the existence of the Qatar Bahrain Causeway. However, it is important to note that most of these jobs are held by foreigners who make up 60 percent. This has made employment a continuous problem. The economy of Bahrain is largely based on the pro duction and processing of petroleum which makes up 60 percent of the exports. 30 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) also comes from the same. The well established and developed transport and communication is accountable for efficient shipping services and it being the center for finance and banking. Several multinational firms doing business in the area of Persian Gulf have their headquarters in Bahrain. The cost difference in shipping and products in Bahrain results from its fruitful commercial activities. Some of the country’s products shipped to other countries include vegetables and fruits, dairy products, poultry, fish, and shrimp which are sold along with handicrafts produced locally. On the other hand, Bahrain depends on tourism making up 9 percent of its gross domestic product and a great deal of international banking. The industries engaged in shipping services and products in Bahrain include the major industry, petroleum production, processing, and refining , offshore banking, aluminum smelting, tourism, and ship repairing. In addition, the products shipped to other countries include cement blocks, soft drinks, plastics, paper products, and asphalt. Although shipping and products across the world are somehow convenient to the major industries, shipping in Bahrain is efficient because of its location and availability of Qatar Bahrain Causeway which connects the island to the offshore main land such as Iran, Iraq among other countries. Some countries like China have made huge profits on their exports to other countries such as the United States. However, the imports and exports of Bahrain are approximately equal in value. Petroleum accounts for about 60 percent of the exports while aluminum makes around 7 percent. These exports are majorly shipped to Japan, South Korea, India, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. 40 percent of the country export is composed of crude oil processed within the country. However, Bahrain as well has im ports shipped into the country. The major imports of the country include transportation equipment, machinery, and food from Saudi Arabia, Japan, the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom. The cost difference in shipping and products in Bahrain is also accounted for by the nature of division of labor. As mentioned earlier, 79 percent of the workforce is in industry, services, and

Effective Teaching Strategies for Students with ADHD Essay Example for Free

Effective Teaching Strategies for Students with ADHD Essay 1. What is the purpose of the study? To share methods of intervention for students with ADHD. 2. When was the study done? 2011 3. Who did the study? George DuPaul 4. What are the research question and hypotheses (if any)? Which school-based intervention strategies are the most effective? Hypothesis: Multiple treatment strategies implemented consistently across multiple years will improve success for students with ADHD. 5. Does the literature background support the need for the study? Please explain your answer. The background literature defines ADHD, explains that these students have issues with retention, attendance and standardized tests. This information provides justification for exploring the topic of effective interventions. 6. What are the variables under study? Identify them as independent, dependent, moderator, control. The independent variables are ADHD and the dependent variable is 7. What is the setting, sample, population? 8. Identify the type of research. Descriptive, non-experimental. 9. What statistical procedures are used, if any? None were used. 10. What kind of design was used? Is it appropriate to the stated purpose, research questions and hypotheses? Since this is a descriptive article, it does not apply any research design nor does it explain the basis of selecting the particular â€Å"effective† strategies. The provision of several strategies does, however provide a variety of effective strategies to implement, which supports the opening statement, that it takes consistent implementation of multiple effective strategies for successful intervention with ADHD students. 11. What are the findings of the study? As stated above, the study impresses that it takes consistent implementation of multiple effective strategies for successful intervention with ADHD students. 12. Are there any problems with the internal validity of this study? The fact that the students are from a socioeconomically disadvantaged background and that the control and experimental groups were selected at random increases my confidence that there is internal validity. 13. Are there any problems with the external validity of this study? It is not possible to say that this study necessarily applies to the population because it was only conducted in one classroom. If there was a more robust sample from a variety of schools I would feel more confident applying this to the whole population in general. 14. What can be validly concluded from this study? The fact that there is no explanation for the choices that were made for â€Å"effective† strategies leads me to say that this paper is merely descriptive of options, not necessarily of the most effective interventions for ADHD.

Essay --

The main purposes in conducting this assignment are: †¢ To able to carry out analysis into complex engineering problem making use of systematic approach to provide valid conclusion. †¢ To be able to apply appropriate techniques, resources and modern engineering and IT tools (Matlab) towards the assigned question. †¢ To learn about a control system analysis and design tool called the root locus. †¢ To highlight the tight link between the theory and applications and the design process. INTRODUCTION: In an engineered system we may normally have one or more design parameters, adjustments, or user settings. It is essential to determine if any of these will make the system unstable. This is generally undesirable and possibly hazardous. For example, think of a washing machine that vibrates so much that it ‘walks’ across a floor, or a high speed aircraft that fails due to resonant vibrations. Root-locus plots are used to plot the system roots over the range of a variable to determine if the system will become unstable, or oscillate. The root locus is a way of presenting graphical information...

Enlightenment and Religion Essay

Enlightenment has been fundamentally a humanistic movement, which proposed a new approach to basic matters of religion, faith and church. This paper aims to investigate some of the Enlightenment teachings about religion. I will use â€Å"An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?† by Emmanuel Kant and â€Å"A Letter concerning Toleration† by John Locke to demonstrate how philosophers of the Enlightenment treated religion. In explaining what Enlightenment is Kant touched some questions of religion and church. For him religion was a personal choice of every individual. In contrast, church under Kant is a part of a machinery, aimed to ruin critical thinking. As he observed: â€Å"The pastor says, â€Å"Do not argue, believe!† (Only one ruler in the World says, â€Å"Argue as much as you want and about what you want, but obey!†) In this we have examples of pervasive restrictions on freedom†. Moreover, Kant believed, that the Church uses to hide truth to keep the flock obeying. In spite of encouraging people to apply to original sources of religious teachings the clergy merely retells the ideas as they consider fit. Thusly, personal consciousness becomes replaced by collective one, embodied in the person of a priest. To make it’s control even more strict the church watches it’s believers and bides them with collective oaths. The way out of such situation is, as Kant believed, a self-understanding of every individual and free thinking about religion without advise of a church. A person, who is free in religious questions, can be called enlightened. Locke expressed similar views in his â€Å"Letter concerning Toleration†. His basic idea is that in making a religious choice a person should be free from official’s oppression. Civil authorities are to provide equal conditions to all believers and prevent conflicts on religious grounds, but not more than that. Each person has a right to care of personal salvation inside such established limits. Locke recognized, that religion makes people blindly accept a dogma and behave aggressively towards those, who do not recognize such a dogma. As regards the church, Locke explained, that it is a voluntary association of believers. A person is born outside of any church, although usually brought to church by parents. An adult and free person, however, should have a free option to chose whether to belong to any church or not. Moreover, religious questions should not be used in a discriminatory manner not only by the church, but also by private individuals, in other words, a religious beliefs should be respected by all members of the society even in case they contradict to their personal beliefs. Locke called such a state â€Å"Mutual toleration†. Authorities should not act favorably in respect of any church, although rulers are also usually adepts of a certain religious, but their laws are to be just for every religion. To ground such a thesis Locke explained, that civil freedoms do not depend upon personal views on eternal life and salvation, therefore, every person, independently of religion, has equal importance for the society. Sources Emmanuel Kant, An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? Available at: http://www.english.upenn.edu/~mgamer/Etexts/kant.html, (last viewed: May 2, 2003) John Locke, A Letter concerning Toleration Available at: http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/amendI_religions10.html (last viewed: May 2, 2003)

Professionals Paid To Much

Ever since contracts began in professional sports the price of athletes has continued to rise. So why are athletes worth so much? And where does all the money come from? It is all about the revenue, a team’srevenue determines how much they can pay their players. Athletes deserve their pay because they aresome of the hardest working people and are the cornerstone of a business that makes billions of dollars. ` ` Athletes are some of the highest people not only in the United States but possibly in the world. But it hasn’t always been that way.When contracts in professional sports first began athletes were barely making enough to pay for their meals. They were paid in the area of twenty dollars a week. Even though that was in the early 1900’s it still wasn’t much. And ever since the sports entertainment industry became popular around that time period salaries skyrocketed. For example, in the 1920’s legendary baseball player Babe Ruth earned more in one year than the president of the U. S. at the time. Since then athletes have been taking the money and running with it. ` ` Athletes are paid so much because they are the focal point of these multi-billion dollar industries.Their success determines the success of the wholeteam’sfranchise, and if the team doesn’t have any success they’ll be no money for anyone to make. Although it may not seem like it, professional athletes are some of the hardest working people around, not only physically but mentally as well. They put their bodies through vigorous training and deserve every penny they earn. Although anathlete’sseason is only a couple of months out of the year, they don’t just start getting ready a couple of weeks before the start of the season. They train year round to keep their bodies in shape. They work six to seven days a week for up to fifteen hours a day.Vacations are rare; they don’t get much time off, and they are always in the publi c eye, which can be quite stressful. They maintain their bodies so that they are able to compete at the highest level possible. They do this to ensure that when game time comes they are physically able to perform for the fans, which is their main goal besides winning, to keep ratings high and maintain their high priced salaries without question. ` ` Teams can afford to pay their players so much because the sports industry is a 90 billion dollar industry and athlete’s incomes are only five percent of that.This is so because as each team gains more and more success the value of that team goes up and when the team’s value is up, they attract more media attention which results in more fans. More fans means more money spent on tickets, team apparel, and concessions during the game. Sports are a form of entertainment, and when people are entertained they continue to be interested, and show their support by attending games or watching them on television or listening by radio: ` The beauty of it is that the service of sports can be consumed by more than one individual per unit time.Think about it, a stadium of people watching A-Rod consumes his service at the same time, which means his service is available to thousands of people in unison. Factor in television and you’ve got a service available to millions of people all at once (Reece). This is relevant becauseunlike athletes most jobs do not provide a service to millions of people so their not going to be paid as if they are. And since a team can provide a service to so many people they can pay their players as much as possible.` Unfortunately, sometimes teams do not always have the success they want from their players, and have to search for new ones to get the job done. So what can teams do to make them selves more likely to win? â€Å"Perhaps the primary way is to employbetter player talent† (Doc). Having better players improves your chances of winning, and winning leads to larger team r evenue, sothat better players can continue to be signed making the team much better. ` ` The effects of paying athletes too much can become an issue because athletes are realizing that they can earn more money than they ever thought could.Each time a player’scontract is up, they are either traded, released or renegotiate a new contract. Most of the time during negotiations athletes will demand more money than the team is willing to pay, because they know if they stick to what they want they will eventually get it. Players will go to extreme measures to obtain a sizeable contract, to the extent that they will holdout. Meaning they separate themselves from the team. Causing them to miss mandatory meetings, practices, and team functions, which are critical to a team’s success.Some holdouts even go into the sports season, causing them to miss games, all which the player is fined thousand of dollars for. When it goes as far as that, some players will start to criticize the team’s management in the media causing even more of a problem. These holdouts cause friction with team management, coaches, player’s and affect the team directly. This is why some believe that athletes are spoiled and undeserving of the money their paidand should not be looked up to. Anderson says that, â€Å"The off fieldbehavior of many athletes allegedly demonstrates that we should not be paying great sums of money to people who are not proper rolemodels for our children†. Anderson is one of many who feel that way about athletes, and will not be the last person to address the subject. ` Yes, professional athletes and actors are paid to much. Professional athletes and actors get paid a substantial amount of money for one game, or movie. While our men and women in the United States Military are struggling to feed their families.It is a sad commentary on our societal values that these entertainers are taking in seven million dollars a years or more. While teache rs, police officers, and firefighters make less than one percent of the income of some athletes and actors. Even if an athlete or actor is having a bad seaon they still recieve there contract ensured pay. Although some people would say, â€Å"There is a long and tough way towards becoming a great and the famous sports star or movie star. It not only requires persistent efforts but also talent. Few people on this field could accomplish great things like them.As a reward, they deserve a higher compensation. † On other hand, a Staff Sergeant (E6) in the United states Army makes an average of $28,285 a year. These are men and women on the front line difending our Country. They are not acting on a telivision show or playing a game. Professional athletes and actors should not be paid more than our men and women who fight for our Country. If a soldiers gets hurt his or her's pay is almost cut in half. If a professional athlete gets hurt they are still paid an overly substantial amou nt of money.When an actor gets sicks they will put the film they are making on hold. While the actor still is getting paid millions of dollars. The work professional athletes and actors do may be hard, but just for our entertainment it is not worth the price they a paid. The amount of money they make every year is ridiculous. Our soldiers do not get paid half of what an actor or a profession athlete do. In conclusion yes professional athletes and actors are paid to much. Now ill tell you why they should be payed so much. movie and sports stars certainly are under a great deal of pressure.The first pressure is that they are always at risk of injuries and also accidents. movie studios and sports teams get a large amount of money from their stars’s work. Filmmakers get money from the sale of movie tickets, while spectators have to pay money to watch a sports match. In fact, there is a high difference between the revenue of producer and the money that actors are paid. For example , Mission Impossible 4, a movie released in 2011, had grossed nearly $700,000,000 worldwide (Box Office Mojo Online). However, the main actor – Tom Cruise was paid only $12,000,000 (Statistic Brain Online, 2012).Not only that but also the star’s trademark brings a great deal of value to sponsors. Some stars become advertising tools of their teams or their companies, whereas some others share their royalty images with the owners. An example is that Cristiano Ronaldo, a soccer star, who gets $30 million each year in various endorsements, has to agree to a 6:4 split of this money with his club – Real Madrid (Jamie Sanderson, 2012). Therefore, if movie and sports stars thrust a lot of money on their managements, it will be not fair if they get paid less.

Liberal Party Essays

Liberal Party Essays Liberal Party Essay Liberal Party Essay a) Explain why the liberal party achieved a landslide victory in the 1906 election (12 marks) There are several reasons why the liberals won the general election of 1906. The first being due to the changes in the social and political structure of the country. The three reform acts from 1832-1844/5 allowed more adult men to vote and by 1885 a majority of voters were working class. This meant that political partied needed to appeal to this group if they were to stand any chance of winning a general election. There were changes to the voting system with less and less people able to vote more than once, boroughs and counties were treated more equally and constituencies were made more equal sizes. In 1872 there was also the introduction of the ballet boxes which aimed to keep the electorates vote a secret which along with the 1883 corrupt and illegal practises act reduced briberies. Secondly the Boer War also had an effect on the general election of 1906; Joseph Chamberlains appointment as colonial secretary whose Job it was to strengthen the empire. South Africa was mportant in these plans as it had the most valuable land on the continent not only because of its prime trading location but also because of the recently discovered goldfields. Agreements in 1881 and 1884 gave the Boer states independence but they faced interference from imperialist Britain which escalated hostilities. These and other factors eventually led to war with the Boer states. Views were split on the subject but as the war went on the Conservatives were being increasingly blamed for their military incompetence. The war also allowed the Liberals to start a revival as it ook views off the internal cracks in the party and gave it a united front as most Liberals disagreed with the war. The Boer War created other issues for conservatives. There were Chinese workers in South Africa and despite the Conservative government having little to do with it the Liberals could portray them as exploiters of workers. due to the long hours, poor pay and lack of rights they had. This harmed the Conservatives reputation with middle class voters because of the humanitarian issues but more importantly badly damaged their reputation with working class. Thirdly another major event that had an impact on the election was the retirement of Lord Salisbury who had been so influential in the revival of the Conservatives and the alliance with the Liberal Unionists. Salisburys successor, Balfour can be seen as another reason for the revival of the Liberal Party. As soon as Balfour was appointed the Unionist alliance began to break. The first reason was the 1902 education act. This angered non-conformists as if there was Church of England or Catholic school in the area they lived in they would in part directly fund it. This not only provided the Liberals with support from the non-conformists but also angered many of the non- conformist Liberals in the Liberal Unionist Party. Balfour is also partly to blame for Chamberlains attempt to implement the tariff reform in 1903. Although Balfour had to many people questioning his authority. This controversial policy split the unionist alliance so much so that many voters turned to the Liberals. b) The constitutional crisis in the years 1909-1911 strengthened the liberal party explain why you agree/ disagree with this view (24 marks)

Overall, the spread of the internet has actually had a negative effect Essay

Overall, the spread of the internet has actually had a negative effect on non-western societies. Using existing literature - Essay Example The answer is yes, though the internet has immensely influenced the development of these countries, the politics and cultures of these countries have also been negatively impacted as a result (Anne, 2009). In terms of the culture of these non western countries, the introduction of the internet can be said to have done more bad than good to their existence as a result of the alterations that have occurred as a result. Whereas in the past the culture of these countries were held in great esteem by the youth as a result of the teachings that were passed on from the older generations, they are now viewed as backward and non significant by many of the youth whose main information is retrieved from the internet (Clay, 2008). This can be said to be mainly because of the availability of the internet which has introduced the younger generation to different, and in their view, more attractive modern cultures mainly practiced in the westernized countries that has led them to abandon the teachin gs of their own cultures for these foreign practices (Harris, 2008). A good example of such change is the treatment and views of parents by the youth in these non western countries. Whereas in the past a child dare not disobey their parents wishes, the introduction of the internet has revealed countries such as America where an individual is capable of suing their parents in court and do not hold them in such esteem. This has led to the degeneration of the level of respect that was once accorded to these parents as a result as the youth ask themselves that if the American’s are doing it why shouldn’t they? Thus, it can be said that the introduction of the internet has led to the slow disappearance of a country’s culture as he youth give them up for more modern views on life and society (Yochai, 2006). The introduction of the internet has also affected the culture of non western countries cultures in terms of moral values that had previously played a large role i n the society of these nations (Steven, 2005). The number of moral beliefs that were previously upheld by then youth has decreased drastically as a result of the internet as well. The World Wide Web has opened up the gates of information and practices that were previously considered taboo are now accepted the younger generations in these non western countries as a result (Anne, 2009). This can be said to be due to the discovery that though such acts were forbidden in their countries they are widely accepted in the western lands and thus as a result, they become accepted as well as the youth strive to emulate the western lives that they see via the web. An example of such moral beliefs is the cohabitation of different genders (That is boyfriends and girlfriends) before marriage. Whereas in the past it was unacceptable for a boy and a girl to live together unless they related or married it is now a widely accepted role in many non western countries, something that was not the case bef ore the introduction of the internet (Sherry, 2011). Sex before marriage is also another subject that was unthinkable before the intro